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Biol225 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Feedback control

A

maintains the internal environment in many animals

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2
Q

process for thermoregulation involving form, function and behaviour

A

Homeostatic processes

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3
Q

Energy Requirements

A

are related to animal:

  • Size
  • Activity
  • Environment
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4
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Comparative study (both) reveals: form+function closely correlated.

Anatomy = biological form of an organism.

Physiology = study of biological functions an organism performs

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5
Q

What affects the way an animal interacts with the environment?

A

Size and shape

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6
Q

Body plan of an animal programmed by…

A

The genome–the product of millions of years of evolution.

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7
Q

At all levels of organization…

A

Animal form and function are closely correlated

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8
Q

Physical laws (constraint)

A

constrain strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange

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9
Q

L^2

A

Strength of skeleton scales as animal(s) increase in size

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10
Q

L^3

A

Mass of skeleton scales as animal(s) increase in size

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11
Q

Which animal can carry a larger proportion of it’s body weight?

A

Smaller

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12
Q

Haldane’s thought experiment (horse and dog falling down mineshaft)

A

Force=Mass*acceleration + (factor wind resistance)

Horse hits first and is more damaged (bones are heavier)

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13
Q

Haldane: on being the right size

A

Mouse

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14
Q

Evolutionary convergence

A

different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

(ie: properties of water limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals)

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15
Q

Rate of exchange

A

proportional to a cell’s surface area

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16
Q

Amount of exchange material

A

proportional to a cell’s volume

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17
Q

Exchange with environment (single celled protist in water)

A

has sufficient surface area to service entire volume of cytoplasm

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18
Q

Exchange with environment (multicellular organisms w/ sacklike body plan)

A

have body walls that are only two cells thick

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19
Q

Specialized, extensively branched/folded structures

A

are an evolutionary adaptation that enable sufficient exchange with the environment

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20
Q

Space between cells of Vertebrates filled with ___, allowing…

A

Interstitial fluid; which allows for movement of material transport in/out of cells.

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21
Q

complex body plan aids in…

A

animals ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, since they live in variable environments.

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22
Q

(Two) management styles of internal environment when faced with environmental flu’x

A
  1. Regulate
  2. Conform

some regulate certain variables, while conforming to others

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23
Q

Regulators

A

use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change when faced with external (environmental) fluctuation.

24
Q

Conformers

A

allow their internal condition to very with certain external changes

25
Homeostasis
organisms maintenance of a "steady state"/internal balance regardless of external environment (ie: in humans: body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration)
26
Moderation of changes in internal environment
done by mechanisms of homeostasis -for given variable, fluctuations above/below a set point serve as stimulus; detected by a sensor and trigger a response. Thus returning the variable to the set point.
27
(-ve) Feedback loop
stimulus returns a variable to a normal range; homeostasis in animals rely heavily on (-ve) feedback loops
28
(+ve) Feedback loop
amplifies a stimulus; does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
29
Thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature (within a tolerable range)
30
Endothermic
animals generate heat by metabolism; energetically expensive; can maintain a stable body temp even in face of large fluctuations of external temperature
31
Ectothermic
animals gain heat from external sources; generally tolerate greater variation in internal temp
32
Integumentary system
- Skin, hair, nails | - Heat regulation in mammals often involves this system
33
Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate
1. Insulation 2. Circulatory adaptations 3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. Behavioural 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production
34
Circulatory adaptations
many endotherms (and some ectotherms) can alter amount of blood flowing between the body core and skin: -Vasodilation = Increased blood flow in skin = facilitates heat loss -Vasoconstriction = decreased blood flow in skin = lowering heat loss
35
Countercurrent exchange
transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions, thereby reducing heat loss; done by arrangement of blood vessels (arteries vs veins)
36
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
many animals lose heat through water evaporation from skim: - Sweating/bathing moistens skin = helping to cool - Panting increases cooling effect
37
Behavioural responses to control body temperature
Both endotherms and ectotherms utilize this: - some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that min/max absorption of solar heat - huddling together to retain heat
38
Thermogenesis
Adjusting metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature -it is increased by muscle activity (moving, shivering)
39
non-shivering thermogenesis
occurs when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
40
Bioenergetics
the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines how much food + oxygen an animal needs. Rates to an animal's size, activity and environment
41
Energy allocation and use (2)
Organism classified by how they obtain chemical energy: 1. Autotroph = harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules 2. Heterotrophs = harvest chemical energy from food.
42
Biosynthesis
- body growth + repair - synthesis of storage material (fat) - production of gametes
43
Metabolic rate
the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time:
44
Metabolic rate determined by:
- animal's heat loss - amount of oxygen consumed/carbon dioxide produced - measuring energy content of food consumed/energy lost in waste products
45
Basal metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of an endotherm; at rest at a "comfortable" temperature
46
Standard metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of ectotherms; at rest at a specific temperature
47
Both BMR and SMR rates assume...
Animal is: - nongrowing - fasting - nonstressed
48
Ectotherms metabolic rates
much lower than endotherms of a comparable size
49
Other key factors of metabolic rate
- age - sex - size - activity - temperature - nutrition
50
Metabolic rate proportional to:
body mass^(3/4)
51
Smaller animals have
higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals. Thus; small animals have higher: - oxygen delivery rate - breathing rate - heart rate - (relative) blood volume
52
Activity affects
(greatly) the metabolic rate for both (endo and ecto) | - generally, maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain inversely related to the duration of the activity.
53
Energy budgets
for most terrestrial animals: | -avg daily consumption = (2-4x) BMR (endotherms) of SMR (ectotherms)
54
Torpor
physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases; enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult/dangerous conditions
55
Hibernation
is long-term torpor; an adaptation to winder cold and food scarcity
56
Estivation
is summertime torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water
57
Daily torpor
is exhibited by many small mammals and birds (seemingly adapted to feeding patterns)

Biol225 (7 decks)

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