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Biol225 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Feedback control

A

maintains the internal environment in many animals

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2
Q

process for thermoregulation involving form, function and behaviour

A

Homeostatic processes

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3
Q

Energy Requirements

A

are related to animal:

  • Size
  • Activity
  • Environment
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4
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Comparative study (both) reveals: form+function closely correlated.

Anatomy = biological form of an organism.

Physiology = study of biological functions an organism performs

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5
Q

What affects the way an animal interacts with the environment?

A

Size and shape

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6
Q

Body plan of an animal programmed by…

A

The genome–the product of millions of years of evolution.

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7
Q

At all levels of organization…

A

Animal form and function are closely correlated

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8
Q

Physical laws (constraint)

A

constrain strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange

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9
Q

L^2

A

Strength of skeleton scales as animal(s) increase in size

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10
Q

L^3

A

Mass of skeleton scales as animal(s) increase in size

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11
Q

Which animal can carry a larger proportion of it’s body weight?

A

Smaller

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12
Q

Haldane’s thought experiment (horse and dog falling down mineshaft)

A

Force=Mass*acceleration + (factor wind resistance)

Horse hits first and is more damaged (bones are heavier)

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13
Q

Haldane: on being the right size

A

Mouse

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14
Q

Evolutionary convergence

A

different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

(ie: properties of water limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals)

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15
Q

Rate of exchange

A

proportional to a cell’s surface area

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16
Q

Amount of exchange material

A

proportional to a cell’s volume

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17
Q

Exchange with environment (single celled protist in water)

A

has sufficient surface area to service entire volume of cytoplasm

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18
Q

Exchange with environment (multicellular organisms w/ sacklike body plan)

A

have body walls that are only two cells thick

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19
Q

Specialized, extensively branched/folded structures

A

are an evolutionary adaptation that enable sufficient exchange with the environment

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20
Q

Space between cells of Vertebrates filled with ___, allowing…

A

Interstitial fluid; which allows for movement of material transport in/out of cells.

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21
Q

complex body plan aids in…

A

animals ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, since they live in variable environments.

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22
Q

(Two) management styles of internal environment when faced with environmental flu’x

A
  1. Regulate
  2. Conform

some regulate certain variables, while conforming to others

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23
Q

Regulators

A

use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change when faced with external (environmental) fluctuation.

24
Q

Conformers

A

allow their internal condition to very with certain external changes

25
Q

Homeostasis

A

organisms maintenance of a “steady state”/internal balance regardless of external environment (ie: in humans: body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration)

26
Q

Moderation of changes in internal environment

A

done by mechanisms of homeostasis
-for given variable, fluctuations above/below a set point serve as stimulus; detected by a sensor and trigger a response. Thus returning the variable to the set point.

27
Q

(-ve) Feedback loop

A

stimulus returns a variable to a normal range; homeostasis in animals rely heavily on (-ve) feedback loops

28
Q

(+ve) Feedback loop

A

amplifies a stimulus; does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

29
Q

Thermoregulation

A

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature (within a tolerable range)

30
Q

Endothermic

A

animals generate heat by metabolism; energetically expensive; can maintain a stable body temp even in face of large fluctuations of external temperature

31
Q

Ectothermic

A

animals gain heat from external sources; generally tolerate greater variation in internal temp

32
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Skin, hair, nails

- Heat regulation in mammals often involves this system

33
Q

Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate

A
  1. Insulation
  2. Circulatory adaptations
  3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. Behavioural
  5. Adjusting metabolic heat production
34
Q

Circulatory adaptations

A

many endotherms (and some ectotherms) can alter amount of blood flowing between the body core and skin:

-Vasodilation = Increased blood flow in skin =
facilitates heat loss

-Vasoconstriction = decreased blood flow in skin = lowering heat loss

35
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions, thereby reducing heat loss; done by arrangement of blood vessels (arteries vs veins)

36
Q

Cooling by evaporative heat loss

A

many animals lose heat through water evaporation from skim:

  • Sweating/bathing moistens skin = helping to cool
  • Panting increases cooling effect
37
Q

Behavioural responses to control body temperature

A

Both endotherms and ectotherms utilize this:

  • some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that min/max absorption of solar heat
  • huddling together to retain heat
38
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Adjusting metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
-it is increased by muscle activity (moving, shivering)

39
Q

non-shivering thermogenesis

A

occurs when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

40
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines how much food + oxygen an animal needs. Rates to an animal’s size, activity and environment

41
Q

Energy allocation and use (2)

A

Organism classified by how they obtain chemical energy:

  1. Autotroph = harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules
  2. Heterotrophs = harvest chemical energy from food.
42
Q

Biosynthesis

A
  • body growth + repair
  • synthesis of storage material (fat)
  • production of gametes
43
Q

Metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time:

44
Q

Metabolic rate determined by:

A
  • animal’s heat loss
  • amount of oxygen consumed/carbon dioxide produced
  • measuring energy content of food consumed/energy lost in waste products
45
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the metabolic rate of an endotherm; at rest at a “comfortable” temperature

46
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

the metabolic rate of ectotherms; at rest at a specific temperature

47
Q

Both BMR and SMR rates assume…

A

Animal is:

  • nongrowing
  • fasting
  • nonstressed
48
Q

Ectotherms metabolic rates

A

much lower than endotherms of a comparable size

49
Q

Other key factors of metabolic rate

A
  • age
  • sex
  • size
  • activity
  • temperature
  • nutrition
50
Q

Metabolic rate proportional to:

A

body mass^(3/4)

51
Q

Smaller animals have

A

higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals. Thus; small animals have higher:

  • oxygen delivery rate
  • breathing rate
  • heart rate
  • (relative) blood volume
52
Q

Activity affects

A

(greatly) the metabolic rate for both (endo and ecto)

- generally, maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain inversely related to the duration of the activity.

53
Q

Energy budgets

A

for most terrestrial animals:

-avg daily consumption = (2-4x) BMR (endotherms) of SMR (ectotherms)

54
Q

Torpor

A

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases; enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult/dangerous conditions

55
Q

Hibernation

A

is long-term torpor; an adaptation to winder cold and food scarcity

56
Q

Estivation

A

is summertime torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

57
Q

Daily torpor

A

is exhibited by many small mammals and birds (seemingly adapted to feeding patterns)

Biol225 (7 decks)

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