Chapter 4: Tour of Cell

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Simpler, Smaller, DNA without Nucleus, Cell wall with crude protective layers, lack organelles, bacteria

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

complex, >10x larger, DNA in nucleous, cell membrane (some wall), membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

genetic control center, DNA replicates during cellular division, Cromatin (fibers), Sends instructions as RNA (in nucleolus) through pores to synthesize proteins (writes amino acid sequence)

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Studded by ribosomes (assembles proteins), Membrane system (continuous with nuclear membrane), creates compartments, acts as highway or conveyor belt for proteins

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

genetic control center, DNA replicates during cellular division, Cromatin (fibers), Sends instructions as RNA (in nucleolus) through pores to synthesize proteins (writes amino acid sequence)

Question 6

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

Studded by ribosomes (assembles proteins), Membrane system (continuous with nuclear membrane), creates compartments, acts as highway or conveyor belt for proteins

synthesis of membrane proteins, secretary proteins and hydrolytic enzymes, formation of transportation vesicles

Question 7

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

continuous with rough Er, lacks ribosomes, uses enzymes to make lipids, in sex cells makes sec hormones, in liver cells detoxifies, in muscle cells stores and releases calcium for contractions

Question 8

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 8

Shipping and receiving, received proteins from ER, modifies, packages, labels for destination in or out of cell, formation of lysomes and transport vesicles

Question 9

Lysomes

Answer 9

Digests - food in vacuole, bacteria in blood, damaged organelle (recycle)

Question 10

Vacuoles

Answer 10

Membranous sacks without digestive enzymes, carry food, store water, chemicals, waste, pigments, poisons

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

converts glucose (stored chemical food energy) into cellular energy (ATP) via cellular respiration, double membrane and compartment system (fluid matrix, folds or Cristae to increase surface area)

Question 12

Contractile Vacuoles

Answer 12

water regulation, water seeps inside, pump out excess, prevents cells from over-swelling or burst (turgor pressure)

Question 13

Chloroplasts

Answer 13

photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy (glucose), continuous double membrane/compartment system, fluid stroma, disks (grana) = solar power packs

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Structural proteins (shape), microfilaments (cell structure and contraction), intermediate filaments ( structure and anchoring organelles) and microtubule (organelle support and movement ), mechanical signal from exterior to interior of cell

Question 15

Cell Surfaces

Answer 15

Wall, Plasma membrane, capsules

Question 16

Cell Wall

Answer 16

Plants, fungi, cellulose fibers for shape, structure and support, plasmodemata for intercellular communication, protection

Question 17

Cell membrane

Answer 17

tight junctions (leak proof), anchoring junctions ( strength), gap junctions (intercelluar communication)

Question 18

Cilia and Flagella

Answer 18

locomotor microtubules (radial org of microtubule doublets that slide past each other - shortens one side and other lengthens)

Short cilia - abundant, usu covering cell or feeding end

Long flagella - single to a few, usu one end

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

polypeptide (protein) synthesis

Question 20

Eukaryotic Organelles: Manufacturing

Answer 20

Nucleus, ribosomes, rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus

Question 21

Eukaryotic Organelles: Breakdown

Answer 21

Lysomes (animal, some protists), peroxisomes, vacuoles

Question 22

Eukaryotic Organelles: Energy processing

Answer 22

Chloroplasts (plants, some protists), Mitochondria

Question 23

Eukaryotic Organelles: Support, Movement, Communications between cells

Answer 23

Cytoskeleton (including cilia, flagella, centrioles), cell walls, extracelluar matrix (animals), cell junctions

Question 24

Peroxisomes

Answer 24

metabolic processes, with breakdown of H2O2 by-product

Question 25

Extracellular matrix

Answer 25

animals, binding of cells in tissues, surface protection, regulation of celluar activities

Question 26

Cell junctions

Answer 26

Communication between cells, binding of cells in tissue