Chapter 3: Molecules of Cells

Question 1

Organic compounds

Answer 1

carbon-based molecules - at least one C atom, usually contain hydrogen atoms. 4 electrons in outer shell, need 4 more, covalent bonds wiith H,O,N, C

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

H and C only

Question 3

Functional group: -OH

Answer 3

Alcohol

Question 4

Functional group: -NH2

Answer 4

Amine

Question 5

Functional group: -C- top=O

Answer 5

Ketone

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. (polymer to monomer)

Question 9

Dehydration

Answer 9

chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule (monomer to polymer)

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

simple and complex sugars, mono and polysaccharides, fuel to do work, raw materials for bigger molecules, sugars linked via dehydration synthesis

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids. Polymers of fatty acids and glycerol, energy storage. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

Made of 20 amino acids, Amino group, carboxl group and variable R group

Question 13

Nucleic Acids

Answer 13

DNA made of only 4 monomers (nucleotides)

Question 14

Saturated Fat

Answer 14

Lots of H, few double bonds, solid at room temp (butter, lard, most animal fat)

Question 15

Unsaturated Fat

Answer 15

Kinked due to double bonds, Less H take up more space, Liquid at room temp (oils, margarine, most plant fats)

Question 16

Steroids

Answer 16

lipids with backbones bent into rings. Cholesterol

Question 17

Cholesterol

Answer 17

Function in digestion of fats, important in cell membranes, starting material of other steroids like sex hormones

Question 18

Types of proteins

Answer 18

Structural (hair, cell), Contractile (muscles), Storage (sources of amino acids, egg whites), Defense (antibodies), Transport (hemoglobin), Signaling (hormones), Catalyst (free enzymes)

Question 19

Peptide Bonds

Answer 19

Specific covalent bonds between amino acids, two = dipeptide, many = polypeptides

Question 20

Protein Structures

Answer 20

1st degree: unique sequence of amino acids, 2nd Coils or folds via H bonding, 3rd 3D globular or fibrous via R group bonds, 4th multiple subunits

Question 21

Nucleic Acids

Answer 21

polymers of 4 specific monomers (nucleotides A-T, G-C), builds chain with sugar-phosphate backbone. Single strand RNA, double DNA.