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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 4- Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Science that deals with the study of tissues

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2
Q

Pathologist

A

Specialize in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for diagnoses

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3
Q

Tissue development in germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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4
Q

I’ll connective tissue and most muscle tissue drive from

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

Nervous tissue develops from

A

Ectoderm

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Forms glands

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills internal spaces
Supports other tissues
Transport materials
Stores energy

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8
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Specialized for contraction

Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs

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9
Q

Neural tissue

A

Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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10
Q

Epithelial

A

Layers of the cell covering internal or external surfaces

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11
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce secretions

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12
Q

Cellularity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Bound closely together by cell junctions

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13
Q

Polarity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Structural difference between free(apical) and attached(basal) surfaces

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14
Q

Attachment

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Basal lamina(basement membrane) connects the basal surface to the underlying connective tissue

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15
Q

Avascularity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Lack of blood vessels(avascular)

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16
Q

Generation

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Epithelial cells that are damaged or lost are continually replaced by stem cell division in the epithelium

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17
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Provide physical protection

A

Expose and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical or biological agents

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18
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Control permeability

A

Any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross an epithelium

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19
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Provide sensation

A

Some epithelial cells have a large sensory nerve supply and sensitive to stimulation

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20
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Purdue specialized secretions

A

Glandular epithelium produce secretions that provide physical protection, temperature regulation or act as chemical messengers

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21
Q

Specializations of epithelial cells

A

More fluids over the epithelium
More fluids through the epithelium
Produce secretions

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22
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase absorption or secretion

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluid

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24
Q

Cell junctions

A

Contact points between the plasma membrane of’s tissue cells

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25
Q

Types of cell junctions

A 
Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes 
Gap junction
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26
Q

Occulting ( tight ) junctions

A

Between two plasma membrane’s
Adhesion belt attaches to terminal lab
Prevents passage of water and solutes
Isolates waste in the lumen

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27
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow rapid communication
Held together by channel proteins
Hello ions to pass
Coordinate contractions in heart muscle and beating of cilia

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28
Q

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

A

CAMs( cell adhesion molecules),dense areas, intracellular cement
Abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin

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29
Q

Spot desmosomes

A

Tie cells together

Allow bending and twisting

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30
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Attach those to the basal lamina

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31
Q

Attachment of basil lamina

Clear layer

A

Thin layer
Secreted by epithelia
Barrier to proteins

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32
Q

Attachment of basal lamina

Dense layer

A

Thick fibers
Produced by connective tissue
Strength and filtration

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33
Q

Epithelial are replaced by division of

A

Germinative cells

Stem cells

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34
Q

Classes of epithelia

Based on shape

A

Squamous epithelium: thin and flat
Cuboidal epithelium: Square shaped
Columnar epithelia: tall, slender rectangles

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35
Q

Classes of epithelia

Based on layers

A

Simple epithelium: Single layer of cells

Stratified epithelium: several layers of cells

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36
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Absorption and diffusion

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37
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Lines body cavities

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38
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines heart and blood vessels

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39
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Protects against attacks

Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance

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40
Q

Pap smear

A

Collect sloughed off cells of uterus and vaginal walls
Detect cellular changes
Annual for women over 18 or if sexually active

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41
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

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42
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

A

Sweat ducks and mammary glands

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43
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Tolerates repeated cells of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage
Appearance changes as stretching occurs
When empty, numerous layers are apparent
When full, only a few layers are visible
situated in regions of the urinary system

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44
Q

Columnar epithelia

Simple columnar epithelia

A

Absorption and secretion

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45
Q

Columnar epithelia

Pseudoscientified columnar epithelium

A

Appears to have many layers, but it is actually only a single layer
Contains numerous mucus secreting goblet cells
Mucus is moved by the cilia

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46
Q

Columnar epithelia

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Protection

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47
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Produced in the Golgi apparatus
Released by vesicles
Fluids released through cell membranes
Example, sweat glands

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48
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Produced and Golgi apparatus
Released by shedding cytoplasm
Fragments of cells loss during secretion
Example, mammary gland

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49
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells
Entire cells are released with secretory products
Gland cells replaced by stem cells
Example, sebaceous gland

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50
Q

Serous glands

A

Watery secretions

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51
Q

Mucous glands

A

Secrete mucins

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52
Q

Mixed exocrine glands

A

Both serous and muccous

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53
Q

Basal lamina

A

Connect epithelium to the rest of the body

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54
Q

Bone

A

Provide structure

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55
Q

Fat

A

Stores energy

56
Q

Blood

A

Transport materials

57
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Specialized cells
Salad extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance

58
Q

Extra cellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance) make up the

A

Matrix

59
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Connect and protect

60
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Transport

61
Q

Supportive connective tissues

A

Structural strength

62
Q

Connective tissue proper

Loose connective tissue

A

More ground substance, less fibers

Example, fat

63
Q

Connective tissue proper

dense connective tissue

A

More fibers, less ground substance

Example, tendons

64
Q

Nine cell types of connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, microphages

65
Q

Fibroblasts

A

The most abundant cell type
Found in all connective tissue proper
Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

66
Q

Fibrocytes

A

The second most abundant cell type
Found in all connective tissue proper
Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

67
Q

Macrophages

A

Large, amoeba-like cells in the immune system
Eat pathogens and damage cells
Fixed macrophages stay in tissues
Free macrophages migrate

68
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

69
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection

Differentiate between fibroblasts and macrophages etc.

70
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

71
Q

Mast cells

A

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
Release histamine and heparin
Basophils and leukocytes(white blood cells) also contain histamine and heparin

72
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Specialized immune system cells and lymphoid system

73
Q

Microphages

A

Phagocytic blood cells

Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells

74
Q

Collagen fibers

A 
Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
Long, straight, and unbranched
Strong and flexible
Resist force in one direction
Example, tendons and ligaments
75
Q

Reticular fibers

A 
Network of interwoven fibers
Strong and flexible
Resist force in many directions
Stabilize functional cells and structures
Example, sheaths around organs
76
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin
Branched and wavy
Return to original length after stretching example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae

77
Q

Ground substance

A

Clear, colorless, and viscous

Fill spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

78
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Not found in adults

79
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic stem cell

First connective tissue in embryos

80
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

Muccous connective tissue

A

Loose embryonic connective tissue

81
Q

Loose connective tissue

A 
The packing materials of the body
 Three types in adults
Areolar 
Adipose
Reticular
82
Q

Areolar tissue

A 
Least specialized
Open framework
 Viscous ground substance
Elastic fibers
Holds blood vessels and capillary bends
Example, under skin
83
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Contains many adipocytes(fat cells)

84
Q

Adipose tissue

White fat

A

Most common
Stores fat
Absorbs shocks
Slows heat loss

85
Q

Adipose tissue

Brown fat

A

More vascularized
Adipocytes have many mitochondria
When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy
Absorbs energy from surrounding tissues

86
Q

Adipose cells

Adipocytes

A

In adults do not divide
Expand to store fat
Shrinks as fats are released

87
Q

Adipose cells

Mesenchymal cells

A

Divide and differentiate
To produce more fat cells
When more storage is needed

88
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Provide support
Complex, three-dimensional network
Supportive fibers
Reticular organs

89
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper, tightly packed with my numbers of collagen or elastic fibers
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic tissue

90
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

91
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

Tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones

92
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

93
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

Aponeuroses

A

Attach in sheets to large, flat muscles

94
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Interwoven networks of collagen fibers

Form capsules around some organs

95
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dermis

A

Layered in skin

96
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

Perichondrium

A

Around cartilages

97
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

Periosteum

A

Around bones

98
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Made of elastic fibers

Example, elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

99
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells
Common embryonic origin
Function together to carry out specialized activities

100
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A 
Blood and lymph
Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
Carrie specific cell types(formed elements)
Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
White blood cells(leukocytes)
Platelets
101
Q

Cartilage

A

Gel type ground surface

Fore shock absorption and protection

102
Q

Bone

A

Calcified made rigid buy calcium salts, minerals

For weight support

103
Q

Cartilage matrix

A

Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates

Ground substance proteins

104
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells surrounded by lacunae chambers

105
Q

Cartilage structure

A

Blood vessels:
Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor
Perichondrium:
Outer, fibrous layer(strength)
Inner, cellular layer(growth and maintenance)

106
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Stiff, flexible support
Reduces friction between bones
Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

107
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Supportive but bends easily

Found in external ear and epiglottis

108
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Limits movement
Prevents bone to bone contact
Pads need joint
Found between pubic bone and intervertebral discs

109
Q

Bone or osseous tissue

A

Strong, calcified: calcium salt deposits

Resist shattering: flexible collagen fibers

110
Q

Bone cells or osteocytes

A

Arranged around central canals with in matrix

Small channels through matrix(canaliculi) access blood supply

111
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers bone surfaces
Fibrous layer
Cellular layer

112
Q

Membranes

A

Physical barriers, that line and cover portions of the body
Consist of
Epithelium
Connective tissues

113
Q

The four types of membranes

A

Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes

114
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line passageways that have external connections
In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracks
Epithelial surfaces must be moist: to reduce friction, to facilitate absorption and excretion
Lamina propria: areolar tissue

115
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line cavities do not open to the outside
Are thin but strong
Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
Have a partial portion covering the cavity
Have a visceral (serosa) portion covering the organs

116
Q

Three serous membranes

A 
Pleura: lines pleural cavities
Covers lungs
Peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity 
Covers abdominal cavity
Pericardium: line pericardial cavity 
Covers heart
117
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin, surface of the body

Thick, waterproof, and dry

118
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line moving, articulating joint cavities
Produce synovial fluid(lubricant)
Protects the ends of bones
Lack a true epithelium

119
Q

Connective tissue’s

A

Provide strength and stability
Maintain positions of internal organs
Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

120
Q

Fasciae

A

Singular form is fascia
The bodies framework of connective tissue
Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs

121
Q

Three types of fasciae

A

Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Subserous fascia

122
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Specialized for contraction

Produces all body movement

123
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle: large body muscles responsible for movement
Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart
Smooth muscle: found in the walls of hollow, contracting organs(blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts)

124
Q

Classification of muscle cells

A 
Striated
Non-striated
Muscle cells can have a single nuclear us
Muscle cells can be multinucleate 
Muscles can be controlled voluntary
Muscles can be controlled involuntary
125
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A 
Also called voluntary striated
Are long and thin
Multinucleated
Are usually called muscle fibers
Do not divide
New fibers are produced by stem cells
126
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A 
Also called involuntary striated
Found only in the heart
Uninucleated 
Are called cardiocytes 
Farm branching networks connected at intercalated discs that allow rapid impulse conduction through the heart
Are regulated by pacemaker cells
127
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Also called nonstriated involuntary
Uninucleate
Are small and tapered
Can divide and regenerate

128
Q

Neural tissue: nervous or nerve tissue

A

Specialize for conducting a electrical impulses
Rapidly senses internal or external environment
Processes information and controls responses

129
Q

Neural tissue is concentrated in the

A

Central nervous system: brain, spinal cord

130
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

Perform electrical communication

131
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells

Repair and supply nutrients to neurons

132
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus and nucleolus

133
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branches extending from the cell body

134
Q

Axon

A

Long, thin extension of the cell body

Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

135
Q

Cells restore homeostasis with two processes

A

Inflammation

Regeneration

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

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