Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 4- Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Science that deals with the study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathologist

A

Specialize in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for diagnoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tissue development in germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

I’ll connective tissue and most muscle tissue drive from

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nervous tissue develops from

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Forms glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills internal spaces
Supports other tissues
Transport materials
Stores energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Specialized for contraction

Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neural tissue

A

Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Epithelial

A

Layers of the cell covering internal or external surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cellularity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Bound closely together by cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polarity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Structural difference between free(apical) and attached(basal) surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Attachment

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Basal lamina(basement membrane) connects the basal surface to the underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Avascularity

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Lack of blood vessels(avascular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Generation

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Epithelial cells that are damaged or lost are continually replaced by stem cell division in the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Provide physical protection

A

Expose and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical or biological agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Control permeability

A

Any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross an epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Provide sensation

A

Some epithelial cells have a large sensory nerve supply and sensitive to stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

Purdue specialized secretions

A

Glandular epithelium produce secretions that provide physical protection, temperature regulation or act as chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Specializations of epithelial cells

A

More fluids over the epithelium
More fluids through the epithelium
Produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase absorption or secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cell junctions

A

Contact points between the plasma membrane of’s tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Types of cell junctions
``` Tight junctions Adherens junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junction ```
26
Occulting ( tight ) junctions
Between two plasma membrane's Adhesion belt attaches to terminal lab Prevents passage of water and solutes Isolates waste in the lumen
27
Gap Junctions
Allow rapid communication Held together by channel proteins Hello ions to pass Coordinate contractions in heart muscle and beating of cilia
28
Macula adherens (desmosomes)
CAMs( cell adhesion molecules),dense areas, intracellular cement Abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin
29
Spot desmosomes
Tie cells together | Allow bending and twisting
30
Hemidesmosomes
Attach those to the basal lamina
31
Attachment of basil lamina | Clear layer
Thin layer Secreted by epithelia Barrier to proteins
32
Attachment of basal lamina | Dense layer
Thick fibers Produced by connective tissue Strength and filtration
33
Epithelial are replaced by division of
Germinative cells | Stem cells
34
Classes of epithelia | Based on shape
Squamous epithelium: thin and flat Cuboidal epithelium: Square shaped Columnar epithelia: tall, slender rectangles
35
Classes of epithelia | Based on layers
Simple epithelium: Single layer of cells | Stratified epithelium: several layers of cells
36
Simple squamous epithelium
Absorption and diffusion
37
Mesothelioma
Lines body cavities
38
Endothelium
Lines heart and blood vessels
39
Stratified squamous epithelium
Protects against attacks | Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance
40
Pap smear
Collect sloughed off cells of uterus and vaginal walls Detect cellular changes Annual for women over 18 or if sexually active
41
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
42
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Sweat ducks and mammary glands
43
Transitional epithelium
Tolerates repeated cells of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage Appearance changes as stretching occurs When empty, numerous layers are apparent When full, only a few layers are visible situated in regions of the urinary system
44
Columnar epithelia | Simple columnar epithelia
Absorption and secretion
45
Columnar epithelia | Pseudoscientified columnar epithelium
Appears to have many layers, but it is actually only a single layer Contains numerous mucus secreting goblet cells Mucus is moved by the cilia
46
Columnar epithelia | Stratified columnar epithelium
Protection
47
Merocrine secretion
Produced in the Golgi apparatus Released by vesicles Fluids released through cell membranes Example, sweat glands
48
Apocrine secretion
Produced and Golgi apparatus Released by shedding cytoplasm Fragments of cells loss during secretion Example, mammary gland
49
Holocrine secretion
Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells Entire cells are released with secretory products Gland cells replaced by stem cells Example, sebaceous gland
50
Serous glands
Watery secretions
51
Mucous glands
Secrete mucins
52
Mixed exocrine glands
Both serous and muccous
53
Basal lamina
Connect epithelium to the rest of the body
54
Bone
Provide structure
55
Fat
Stores energy
56
Blood
Transport materials
57
Characteristics of connective tissue
Specialized cells Salad extracellular protein fibers Fluid extracellular ground substance
58
Extra cellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance) make up the
Matrix
59
Connective tissue proper
Connect and protect
60
Fluid connective tissues
Transport
61
Supportive connective tissues
Structural strength
62
Connective tissue proper | Loose connective tissue
More ground substance, less fibers | Example, fat
63
Connective tissue proper | dense connective tissue
More fibers, less ground substance | Example, tendons
64
Nine cell types of connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, microphages
65
Fibroblasts
The most abundant cell type Found in all connective tissue proper Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)
66
Fibrocytes
The second most abundant cell type Found in all connective tissue proper Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
67
Macrophages
Large, amoeba-like cells in the immune system Eat pathogens and damage cells Fixed macrophages stay in tissues Free macrophages migrate
68
Adipocytes
Fat cells | Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet
69
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection | Differentiate between fibroblasts and macrophages etc.
70
Melanocytes
Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin
71
Mast cells
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection Release histamine and heparin Basophils and leukocytes(white blood cells) also contain histamine and heparin
72
Lymphocytes
Specialized immune system cells and lymphoid system
73
Microphages
Phagocytic blood cells | Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
74
Collagen fibers
``` Most common fibers in connective tissue proper Long, straight, and unbranched Strong and flexible Resist force in one direction Example, tendons and ligaments ```
75
Reticular fibers
``` Network of interwoven fibers Strong and flexible Resist force in many directions Stabilize functional cells and structures Example, sheaths around organs ```
76
Elastic fibers
Contain elastin Branched and wavy Return to original length after stretching example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae
77
Ground substance
Clear, colorless, and viscous | Fill spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement
78
Embryonic connective tissue
Not found in adults
79
Embryonic connective tissue | Mesenchyme
Embryonic stem cell | First connective tissue in embryos
80
Embryonic connective tissue | Muccous connective tissue
Loose embryonic connective tissue
81
Loose connective tissue
``` The packing materials of the body Three types in adults Areolar Adipose Reticular ```
82
Areolar tissue
``` Least specialized Open framework Viscous ground substance Elastic fibers Holds blood vessels and capillary bends Example, under skin ```
83
Adipose tissue
Contains many adipocytes(fat cells)
84
Adipose tissue | White fat
Most common Stores fat Absorbs shocks Slows heat loss
85
Adipose tissue | Brown fat
More vascularized Adipocytes have many mitochondria When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy Absorbs energy from surrounding tissues
86
Adipose cells | Adipocytes
In adults do not divide Expand to store fat Shrinks as fats are released
87
Adipose cells | Mesenchymal cells
Divide and differentiate To produce more fat cells When more storage is needed
88
Reticular tissue
Provide support Complex, three-dimensional network Supportive fibers Reticular organs
89
Dense connective tissue
Connective tissue proper, tightly packed with my numbers of collagen or elastic fibers Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic tissue
90
Dense regular connective tissue
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
91
Dense regular connective tissue | Tendons
Attach muscles to bones
92
Dense regular connective tissue | Ligaments
Connect bone to bone and stabilize organs
93
Dense regular connective tissue | Aponeuroses
Attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
94
Dense irregular connective tissue
Interwoven networks of collagen fibers | Form capsules around some organs
95
Dense irregular connective tissue | Dermis
Layered in skin
96
Dense irregular connective tissue | Perichondrium
Around cartilages
97
Dense irregular connective tissue | Periosteum
Around bones
98
Elastic tissue
Made of elastic fibers | Example, elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
99
Tissue
Group of cells Common embryonic origin Function together to carry out specialized activities
100
Fluid connective tissue
``` Blood and lymph Watery matrix of dissolved proteins Carrie specific cell types(formed elements) Red blood cells(erythrocytes) White blood cells(leukocytes) Platelets ```
101
Cartilage
Gel type ground surface | Fore shock absorption and protection
102
Bone
Calcified made rigid buy calcium salts, minerals | For weight support
103
Cartilage matrix
Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates | Ground substance proteins
104
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells surrounded by lacunae chambers
105
Cartilage structure
Blood vessels: Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor Perichondrium: Outer, fibrous layer(strength) Inner, cellular layer(growth and maintenance)
106
Hyaline cartilage
Stiff, flexible support Reduces friction between bones Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
107
Elastic cartilage
Supportive but bends easily | Found in external ear and epiglottis
108
Fibrous cartilage
Limits movement Prevents bone to bone contact Pads need joint Found between pubic bone and intervertebral discs
109
Bone or osseous tissue
Strong, calcified: calcium salt deposits | Resist shattering: flexible collagen fibers
110
Bone cells or osteocytes
Arranged around central canals with in matrix | Small channels through matrix(canaliculi) access blood supply
111
Periosteum
Covers bone surfaces Fibrous layer Cellular layer
112
Membranes
Physical barriers, that line and cover portions of the body Consist of Epithelium Connective tissues
113
The four types of membranes
Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membranes Synovial membranes
114
Mucous membranes
Line passageways that have external connections In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracks Epithelial surfaces must be moist: to reduce friction, to facilitate absorption and excretion Lamina propria: areolar tissue
115
Serous membranes
Line cavities do not open to the outside Are thin but strong Have fluid transudate to reduce friction Have a partial portion covering the cavity Have a visceral (serosa) portion covering the organs
116
Three serous membranes
``` Pleura: lines pleural cavities Covers lungs Peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity Covers abdominal cavity Pericardium: line pericardial cavity Covers heart ```
117
Cutaneous membrane
Skin, surface of the body | Thick, waterproof, and dry
118
Synovial membrane
Line moving, articulating joint cavities Produce synovial fluid(lubricant) Protects the ends of bones Lack a true epithelium
119
Connective tissue's
Provide strength and stability Maintain positions of internal organs Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
120
Fasciae
Singular form is fascia The bodies framework of connective tissue Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs
121
Three types of fasciae
Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia
122
Muscle tissue
Specialized for contraction | Produces all body movement
123
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: large body muscles responsible for movement Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart Smooth muscle: found in the walls of hollow, contracting organs(blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts)
124
Classification of muscle cells
``` Striated Non-striated Muscle cells can have a single nuclear us Muscle cells can be multinucleate Muscles can be controlled voluntary Muscles can be controlled involuntary ```
125
Skeletal muscle cells
``` Also called voluntary striated Are long and thin Multinucleated Are usually called muscle fibers Do not divide New fibers are produced by stem cells ```
126
Cardiac muscle cells
``` Also called involuntary striated Found only in the heart Uninucleated Are called cardiocytes Farm branching networks connected at intercalated discs that allow rapid impulse conduction through the heart Are regulated by pacemaker cells ```
127
Smooth muscle cells
Also called nonstriated involuntary Uninucleate Are small and tapered Can divide and regenerate
128
Neural tissue: nervous or nerve tissue
Specialize for conducting a electrical impulses Rapidly senses internal or external environment Processes information and controls responses
129
Neural tissue is concentrated in the
Central nervous system: brain, spinal cord
130
Neurons
Nerve cells | Perform electrical communication
131
Neuroglia
Supporting cells | Repair and supply nutrients to neurons
132
Cell body
Contains the nucleus and nucleolus
133
Dendrites
Short branches extending from the cell body
134
Axon
Long, thin extension of the cell body | Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
135
Cells restore homeostasis with two processes
Inflammation | Regeneration

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions