Chapter 1- Intro Flashcards by Jessica Bullion

Physiology

Functions of anatomical structures

Individual and cooperative functions

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Gross anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy, examines large visible structures

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Gross anatomy

SURFACE ANATOMY

Exteriors features

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Gross anatomy

REGIONAL ANATOMY

Body ares

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Gross anatomy

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Groups of organs working together

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Gross anatomy

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

From conception to death

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Gross anatomy

CLINICAL ANATOMY

Medical specialties

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Microscopic anatomy

Examines cells and molecules

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Cytology

Study of cells and their structures

cyt=cell

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Histology

Study of tissues and their structures

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The chemical (or molecular) level

Atoms are the smallest chemical units

Molecules are a group of atoms working together

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The cellular level

Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

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The tissue level

A groups of similar cells working together

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The organ level

A group of different tissues working together

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The organ system level

A group of organs working together

Humans have 11 organ systems

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The organism level

A human is an organism

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Integumentary system

ORGANS

Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails

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Integumentary system

FUNCTIONS

Protects against environmental hazards
Regulate body temp
Sensory information

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Skeletal system

ORGANS

Bones
Cartilage
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow

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Skeletal system

FUNCTIONS

Support and protection
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

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Muscular system

ORGANS

Skeletal muscle and associated tendons

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Muscular system

FUNCTIONS

Provides movement
Provides protection and support
Generates heat to maintain body temp

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Nervous system

ORGANS

Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs

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Nervous system

FUNCTIONS

Directs immediate response to stimuli
Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

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Endocrine system | ORGANS

``` Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Suprarenal gland Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems ```

Endocrine system | FUNCTIONS

Directs long term changes in other organ systems Adjust metabolic activity and energy use Controls many structural and functional changes during development

Cardiovascular system | ORGANS

Heart Blood Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system | FUNCTIONS

Distributes heat in control of body temp | Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials (nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Lymphoid system | ORGANS

``` Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils ```

Lymphoid system | FUNCTIONS

Defends against infection and disease | Returns fluids to bloodstream

Respiratory system | ORGANS

``` Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli ```

Respiratory system | FUNCTIONS

Delivers air to alveoli(gas exchange) Oxygen to bloodstream Carbon dioxide out of bloodstream Sounds for communication

Digestive system | ORGANS

``` Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small&Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas ```

Digestive system | FUNCTIONS

Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves

Urinary system | ORGANS

Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Urinary system | FUNCTIONS

Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion and pH

Male reproductive system | ORGANS

``` Testes Epididymides Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum ```

Male reproductive system | FUNCTIONS

Produce male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones | Sexual intercourse

Female reproductive system | ORGANS

``` Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary gland ```

Female reproductive system | FUNCTIONS

Produce female sex cells, and hormones Supports developing embryo Provides milk for infant Sexual intercourse

Homeostasis

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment regardless of conditions outside the body

Normal range (of the body)

Temp: 37C Blood glucose: 0.1% pH: 7.4 Blood pressure: 120/80

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Receptor

Receives the stimulus

Control center

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

Carries out instructions

Negative feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus | BODY IS BROUGHT BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS

Positive feedback

The response of the effector increase change in stimulus | BODY IS MOVED AWAY FROM HOMEOSTASIS

Anatomical position

Hands at side | palms forward

Supine

Lying down | Face up

Prone

Lying down | Face down

Anatomical landmarks

References to palpable structures

Anatomical regions

Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions

Anatomical directions

Reference terms based on subject

Anatomy

The structure of the body

Forehead

frontal

Head

cephalic

Mouth

oral

Chin

mental

Armpit

axillary

Arm

brachial

Front of elbow

antecubital

Nose

nasal

Eye

ocular/orbital

Ear

otic

Cheek

buccal

Neck

cerivcal

Chest

Thoracis or thorax

Breast

Mammary

Abdomen

Abdominal

Navel

Umbilical

Forearm

Antebrachial

Wrist

Carpal

Palm

Palmar

Thumb

Pollex

Fingers

Digits/Phalanges

Kneecap

Patellar

Leg

Crural

Ankle

Tarsal

Toes

Digits/Phalanges

Great Toe

Hallux

Hand

Manual

Groin

Inguinal

Thigh

Femoral

Foot

Pedal

Back

Dorsal

Back of elbow

Olecranal

Loin

Lumbar

Buttock

Gluteal

Back of knee

Popliteal

Calf

Sural

Heel of foot

Calcaneal

Sole of foot

Plantar

The front

Ventral

The belly side

Posterior (dorsal)

The back

Cranial (cephalic)

The head

Superior

Above

Caudal

The tail

Inferior

Below

Medial

Toward the midsagittal plane

Lateral

Away from the midsagittal plane

Proximal

Toward attached base

Distal

Away from an attached base

Superficial

At,near, or relatively close to the body surface

Deep

Farther from body surface

Plane

Three dimensional axis

Section

A slice parallel to a plane

Transverse plane

Superior and inferior portions

Sagittal plane | mid and para sagittal

Right and left portions

Frontal plane

Anterior and posterior section

Serous membranes

Line body cavities and cover organs

Parietal layer | of serious membrane

Lines cavity

Visceral layer | of serious membrane

Covers organs

Thoracic cavity

Right and left pleural cavities | Right and left lung

Mediastinum | Thoracic cavity

Upper portion has blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus | Lower portion has pericardial cavity (heart)

Peritoneal cavity | Abdominal cavity

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum | Abdominopelvic cavity

Lines the internal body wall

Visceral peritoneum | Abdominopelvic cavity

Covers the organs

Palpation

The examiner feels the body surface with the hands

Ausculation

The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of organs

Percussion

The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo