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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Sex cells

Germ cells

A

Reproductive cells
Male sperm
Female oocyte (develops into an egg)

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2
Q

Somatic cells

Body

A

All body cells except sex cells

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
(Interstitial fluid)

A 
A water medium that surround cells
Plasma membrane(cell membrane) separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm( intracellular structures collectively known as organelles)
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4
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

Physical isolation(barrier)
Regulation of
Sensitivity to the environment
Structural support

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5
Q

Membrane lipids
(Phospholipid bilayer)
Plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Barrier to ions and water

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6
Q

Integral proteins

Plasma membrane

A

Form the majority of the membrane proteins. They penetrate and are embedded in the bilayer, bound to the non polar tail regions

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7
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Loosely bound to membrane surface and can be easily removed from it. Their functions are not as well-known as those of integral proteins. They may be involved in structural support and changes in membrane shape during cell division or cell movement

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8
Q

Tight junctions

Intercellular junctions

A

Close space between cells

Located among cells that form linings

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9
Q

Desmosomes

Intercellular junctions

A

Form “spot welds” between

Located among outer skin cells

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10
Q

Gap junctions

Intercellular junctions

A

Tubular channels between cells

Located in cardiac muscle cells

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus

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12
Q

Cytosol

Cytoplasm

A

Dissolved materials
High potassium/low sodium
High protein
High carbohydrate/low amino acid me fat

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13
Q

Organelles

Cytoplasm

A

Structures with specific functions

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14
Q

Microfilaments : structure

A

Microfilaments are solid threadlike cylinders made of protein and found in a variety of sites within the cell

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15
Q

Microfilaments : function

A

Responsible for contractility of cells, which is a property of all cells but is especially well developed in muscle cells
Contractility is responsible for cell locomotion and movement associated with phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and cell division

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16
Q

Microtubules : structure

A

Microtubules are hollow tubes present anywhere in the cytoplasm and all cells
They are composed of protein tubulin molecules

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17
Q

Microtubules : function

A

Contribute to the cytoskeleton are supporting elements of the cell
Involved in cell division, cell movements, and the transport of materials from one area of the cell to another

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18
Q

Microfilaments and microtubules

A

Thin rods and tubules
Support cytoplasm
Allows movement of organelles

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19
Q

Passive (physical) processes

A 
Require no cellular energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
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20
Q

Active (physiological) processes

A 
Requires cellular energy
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
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21
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Oxygen carbon dioxide and lipid soluble substances

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
The concentration on both sides of the membrane determines the direction osmotic movement
The water moves towards a higher concentration of solutes

23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
Osmotic pressure increases as concentration of non-permeable solutes increases

24
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution that contains more solute then found inside the cell
The solution has a higher osmotic pressure and gains water by osmosis
Loses water
Shrinks this is called crenation

25
Hypotonic solution
A solution that contains less solute then found inside the cell Dissolution has low or osmotic pressure and loses water through osmosis Gaines water Ruptures this is called hemolysis
26
Isotonic solution
A solution that contains the same concentration of solute as found inside the cell The net movement of water in and out of the cell is equal
27
Filtration
Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes Hydrostatic pressure important in the body Molecules leaving body capillaries
28
Active transport
Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
29
Vesicles
A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
30
Endocytosis
Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
31
Types of endocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis Bulk phase endocytosis(pinocytosis)
32
Exocytosis
Vesicles feels with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid
33
Transcytosis
A combination of endocytosis and exocytosisp
34
Non-membranous organelles
No membrane Direct contact with cytosol Include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and porteasomes
35
Membranous organelles
Covered with plasma membrane Isolated from cytosol Include the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, preoxisomes , and mitochondria
36
Microvilli
Increase surface area for absorption | Attach to cytoskeleton
37
Centrioles in the centrosome
Centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division | Centrosome: cytoplasm surrounding centriole
38
Cilia
Small hair-like extensions | Cilia move fluids across the cell surface
39
Proteasomes
Contain enzymes | Disassemble damage proteins for recycling
40
Ribosome structure
Small granules composed of ribosomal RNA and almost 80 different proteins Occur as individual granules or in clusters called polyribosomes They may be free in the cytoplasm are attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
41
Ribosome function
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis Free ribosomes are involved and synthesis of proteins for the cells own use Attached ribosomes are the site of synthesis of proteins that are secretory products to be released from the cell
42
Endoplasmic reticulum
Within cytoplasm network
43
Cisternae
Strong chambers within membranes
44
Endoplasmic reticulum functions
Synthesis of proteins carbohydrates and lipids Storage of synthesize molecules and materials Transport of materials with in the ER Detoxification of drug or toxins
45
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
``` No ribosomes attached Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates Phospholipids in cholesterol Steroid Hormones Glycerides Glycogen ```
46
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Surface covered with ribosomes Active in protein and glycoprotein synthase Folds polypeptide protein structures Encloses products to transport vesicles
47
Mitochondria
Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds(cristae)
48
Matrix
Fluid around cristae
49
Mitochondria function
Take chemical energy and food and produce a high energy molecule ATP
50
Lysosomes
Powerful enzyme containing vesicles | Cleanup inside cell
51
Peroxisomes
Enzyme containing vesicles Breakdown fatty acid's, organic compounds Produce hydrogen peroxide Replicate by division
52
Mitosis
Cell copying
53
Cell theory | Robert Hooke
Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

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