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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Sex cells

Germ cells

A

Reproductive cells
Male sperm
Female oocyte (develops into an egg)

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2
Q

Somatic cells

Body

A

All body cells except sex cells

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
(Interstitial fluid)

A 
A water medium that surround cells
Plasma membrane(cell membrane) separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm( intracellular structures collectively known as organelles)
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4
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

Physical isolation(barrier)
Regulation of
Sensitivity to the environment
Structural support

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5
Q

Membrane lipids
(Phospholipid bilayer)
Plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Barrier to ions and water

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6
Q

Integral proteins

Plasma membrane

A

Form the majority of the membrane proteins. They penetrate and are embedded in the bilayer, bound to the non polar tail regions

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7
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Loosely bound to membrane surface and can be easily removed from it. Their functions are not as well-known as those of integral proteins. They may be involved in structural support and changes in membrane shape during cell division or cell movement

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8
Q

Tight junctions

Intercellular junctions

A

Close space between cells

Located among cells that form linings

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9
Q

Desmosomes

Intercellular junctions

A

Form “spot welds” between

Located among outer skin cells

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10
Q

Gap junctions

Intercellular junctions

A

Tubular channels between cells

Located in cardiac muscle cells

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus

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12
Q

Cytosol

Cytoplasm

A

Dissolved materials
High potassium/low sodium
High protein
High carbohydrate/low amino acid me fat

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13
Q

Organelles

Cytoplasm

A

Structures with specific functions

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14
Q

Microfilaments : structure

A

Microfilaments are solid threadlike cylinders made of protein and found in a variety of sites within the cell

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15
Q

Microfilaments : function

A

Responsible for contractility of cells, which is a property of all cells but is especially well developed in muscle cells
Contractility is responsible for cell locomotion and movement associated with phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and cell division

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16
Q

Microtubules : structure

A

Microtubules are hollow tubes present anywhere in the cytoplasm and all cells
They are composed of protein tubulin molecules

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17
Q

Microtubules : function

A

Contribute to the cytoskeleton are supporting elements of the cell
Involved in cell division, cell movements, and the transport of materials from one area of the cell to another

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18
Q

Microfilaments and microtubules

A

Thin rods and tubules
Support cytoplasm
Allows movement of organelles

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19
Q

Passive (physical) processes

A 
Require no cellular energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
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20
Q

Active (physiological) processes

A 
Requires cellular energy
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
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21
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Oxygen carbon dioxide and lipid soluble substances

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
The concentration on both sides of the membrane determines the direction osmotic movement
The water moves towards a higher concentration of solutes

23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
Osmotic pressure increases as concentration of non-permeable solutes increases

24
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution that contains more solute then found inside the cell
The solution has a higher osmotic pressure and gains water by osmosis
Loses water
Shrinks this is called crenation

25
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution that contains less solute then found inside the cell
Dissolution has low or osmotic pressure and loses water through osmosis
Gaines water
Ruptures this is called hemolysis

26
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution that contains the same concentration of solute as found inside the cell
The net movement of water in and out of the cell is equal

27
Q

Filtration

A

Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
Hydrostatic pressure important in the body
Molecules leaving body capillaries

28
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration

29
Q

Vesicles

A

A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane

30
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

31
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Bulk phase endocytosis(pinocytosis)

32
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles feels with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid

33
Q

Transcytosis

A

A combination of endocytosis and exocytosisp

34
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A

No membrane
Direct contact with cytosol
Include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and porteasomes

35
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Covered with plasma membrane
Isolated from cytosol
Include the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, preoxisomes , and mitochondria

36
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption

Attach to cytoskeleton

37
Q

Centrioles in the centrosome

A

Centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division

Centrosome: cytoplasm surrounding centriole

38
Q

Cilia

A

Small hair-like extensions

Cilia move fluids across the cell surface

39
Q

Proteasomes

A

Contain enzymes

Disassemble damage proteins for recycling

40
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Small granules composed of ribosomal RNA and almost 80 different proteins
Occur as individual granules or in clusters called polyribosomes
They may be free in the cytoplasm are attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

Ribosome function

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Free ribosomes are involved and synthesis of proteins for the cells own use
Attached ribosomes are the site of synthesis of proteins that are secretory products to be released from the cell

42
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Within cytoplasm network

43
Q

Cisternae

A

Strong chambers within membranes

44
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

Synthesis of proteins carbohydrates and lipids
Storage of synthesize molecules and materials
Transport of materials with in the ER
Detoxification of drug or toxins

45
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A 
No ribosomes attached
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Phospholipids in cholesterol
Steroid Hormones
Glycerides
Glycogen
46
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Surface covered with ribosomes
Active in protein and glycoprotein synthase
Folds polypeptide protein structures
Encloses products to transport vesicles

47
Q

Mitochondria

A

Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds(cristae)

48
Q

Matrix

A

Fluid around cristae

49
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Take chemical energy and food and produce a high energy molecule ATP

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Powerful enzyme containing vesicles

Cleanup inside cell

51
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Enzyme containing vesicles
Breakdown fatty acid’s, organic compounds
Produce hydrogen peroxide
Replicate by division

52
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell copying

53
Q

Cell theory

Robert Hooke

A

Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

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