Chapter 4- Tissue Level of Organization

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Groups of cells working together

Question 2

4 primary types of tissues

Answer 2

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

Question 3

Totipotent

Answer 3

The first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body
Each has the capacity to divide, differentiate, and develop into a new organism

Question 4

As cell proliferation progresses…

Answer 4

3 major cell lineages are established within the embryo.
Each of these lineages forms the distinct germ layers from which all the tissues and organs of the human body eventually form.
-Each germ layer is identified by its relative position
ectoderm- outer
mesoderm- middle
endoderm- inner

Question 5

Embryonic germ layers

Answer 5

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 6

Ectoderm

Answer 6

Epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary and adrenal medulla, the nervous system, the mouth between cheeks and gums, the anus

Epithelial and nervous tissue

(ecto=outer)

-Skin cells
-Neurons
-Pigment cell

Question 7

Mesoderm

Answer 7

Connective tissues proper bone, cartilage, bone, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads

Muscle tissue

(meso=middle)

-Cardiac muscle
-Skeletal muscle
-Tubule cell of kidney
-Red blood cells
-Smooth muscle

Question 8

Endoderm

Answer 8

Lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of the digestive system (rectum and anal canal); glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex)

(endo=inner)

-Lung cell
-Thyroid cell
-Pancreatic cell

Question 9

Types of cell junctions

Answer 9

Tight junction
Gap junction
Anchoring junctions

Question 10

Tight junction

Answer 10

-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Strands of transmembrane proteins
-Intercellular space

Question 11

Gap junction

Answer 11

-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Gap between cells
-Connexons (composed of connexins)

Question 12

Types of anchoring junctions

Answer 12

Desmosome
Adherens
Hemidesmosome

Question 13

Desmosome

Answer 13

-Adjacent Plasma membranes
-Plaque
-Transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)
-Intermediate filament
-Intracellular space

Question 14

Adherens

Answer 14

-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Plaque
-Transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)
-Actin filament
-Intercellular space

Question 15

Hemidesmosome

Answer 15

-Integrins
-Basal Lamina

Question 16

Epithelial tissue

Answer 16

The sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands

In all three germ layers

Includes epithelia and glands

Functions: Protect, control permeability, detect sensation, and produce secretions

Question 17

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 17

-Avascular
-Polarity w/ apical and basal surfaces
-Specific cell shapes and layer
-Regenerative
-Complex connections

Question 18

Connective tissue

Answer 18

Binds the cells and organs of the body together

Functions: Protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

Question 19

Muscle tissue

Answer 19

Excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement and occurs as three major types

Question 20

3 major types of muscle tissue

Answer 20

-Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle in the heart

Question 21

Nervous tissue

Answer 21

Excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Question 22

What makes a cell more likely to be cuboidal?

Answer 22

If its circular
Found in microtubules

Question 23

Pseudo

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Stratified

Answer 24

More than one layer

Question 25

Pseudostratified

Answer 25

Looks like it has more than 1 layer but only has one layer

Question 27

Transitional

Answer 27

Will stretch
Blader made up of this