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New Bio 210 > Chapter 2- Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemical level of organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

-The substance of the universe -from a grain of sand to a star

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2
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that is distinguished from all other matter by the fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

-All matter in the natural world is composed of one or more of the 92 fundamental substances called elements

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds

-Elements combine to form compounds

ex: the compound glucose is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

ex: An atom of hydrogen is a unit of hydrogen

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5
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Three subatomic particles:
proton
neutron
electron

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6
Q

What gives mass to the atom?

A

The number of positively- charged protons and non-charged (neutral) neutrons

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7
Q

What equals the number of protons?

A

The number of negatively-charged electrons that “spin” around the nucleus at close to the speed of light

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8
Q

An electron has about _____ the mass of a proton or neutron

A

1/2000th

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9
Q

(An element’s) Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, identifies the element

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10
Q

(An element’s) Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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11
Q

Periodic table of elements

A

A chart identifying the 92 elements found in nature, as well as several larger, unstable elements discovered experimentally

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12
Q

Istotope

A

One of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different number of neutrons

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13
Q

Electron shell

A

A layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level

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14
Q

Valence shell

A

An atom’s outermost electron shell

-If the v shell is full, the atom is stable; its electrons are unlikely to be pulled away from the nucleus by the electrical charge of other atoms

-If the v shell is not full the atom is reactive; it will tend to react with other atoms in ways that make the v shell full

ex: hydrogen with its one electron only half-filling its v shell. This single electron is likely to be drawn into relatiosnhips w the atoms of other elemtns, so that hydrogen’s single v shell can be stabilized

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15
Q

Chemical bond

A

Atoms link by forming a chemical bond

A bond is a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

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16
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has an electrical charge - whether positive or negative

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17
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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18
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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19
Q

Ionic bond

A

An ongoing, close association betweens ions of opposite charge

-Formed by the attraction between a cation’s positive chargr and an anion’s negative charge

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20
Q

Covalent bond

A

Molecules formed by a CB share electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship

ex: The atoms do not lose or gain electrons permanently, instead the electrons move back and forth between the elements

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21
Q

Why are covalent bonds stronger than ionic bonds?

A

Because of the close sharing of pairs of electrons (one electron from each of two atoms)

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22
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Covalently bonded molecules that are electrically balanced. No region of the molecule is either more positive or more negative than any other

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23
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

Molecules that do not have any electrical charges or partial charges

-Made of atoms that have a similar value of electronegativity (the tendency of an atom to attract electrons)

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24
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Exists when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond

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25
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that contains regions that have opposite electrical charges

-Occurs when atoms share electrons unequally, in polar covalent bonds

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26
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom ( ex: the o2 in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule

-In other words, hydrogen bonds always include hydrogen that is already part of a polar molecule

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27
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion

ex: You are building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick atop the other is KE- the energy matter possesses because of its motion…..once the wall is in place it starts potential energy….

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28
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy of position, or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

-If the brick wall collapses, the stored potential energy is released as kinetic energy as the bricks fall

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29
Q

Chemical energy

A

The form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds

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30
Q

Reactant

A

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for the one or more substances that enter into the reaction

ex: sodium and chloride ions are the reactants in the production of table salt

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31
Q

Product

A

The one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

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32
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

A chemical reaction that results in the synthesis (joining) of components that were formerly seperate

-Two components bond to make a larger molecule
Energy is required and is stored in the bond
ex: A+B—–> AB
ex: NOTE + BOOK —–> NOTEBOOK

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33
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A chemical reaction that breaks down or “de-composes” something larger into its consituent parts.

Bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products

Ex: AB—-> A + B
ex: BOOKWORM —–> BOOK + WORM

In this example, ammonia is catabolized into its smaller components , and the potential energy that had been stored in its bond is released

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34
Q

Exchange reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.

  • Bonds are both formed and broken such that the components of the reactants are rearranged

NOTEBOOK+ WORM—–> NOTE + BOOKWORM

The simplest form of an exchange reaction might be: A + BC—-> AB + C
Notice that to produce these products, B and C had to break apart in a decomposition reaction, whereas A and B had to bond in a synthesis reaction

A more complex exchange reaction might be AB+CD—> AC + BD or AB+CD —> AD+BC

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35
Q

Reactant concentration

A

Chemists can speed up chemical reactions not only by increasing the concentration of particles- the number of particles in the space- but also by decreasing the volume of the space, which would correspondingly increase the pressure.

ex: If there were 100 dancersin that club, and the manager abruptly moved the party to a room half the size, the concentration of the dancers would double in new space, and the likelihood of conditions would increase accordingly

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36
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change

-Think of a catalyst as a chemical change agent

-They help increase the the rate and force at which atoms, ions, and molecules collide, thereby increasing the probability that their valence shell electrons will interact

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37
Q

Enzyme

A

A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA)

-The most important catalysts in the human body

-Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the level of energy that needs to be invested in a chemical reaction

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38
Q

Activation energy

A

A chemical reaction’s activation energy is the “threshold” level of energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants.

-Once those bonds are broken, new arrangements can form. Without an enzyme to act as a catalyst, a much larger investment of energy is needed to ignite a cheical reaction

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39
Q

Inorganic compound

A

A substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

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40
Q

Organic compound

A

A substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

-Synthesized via covalent bonds within living organisms, including the human body

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41
Q

Solution

A

For cells in the body to survuve, they must be kept moist in a water-based liquid called a solution

Consists of a solvent that dissolves a substance called a solute

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42
Q

Solvent

A

Able to dissolve other substances

The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

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43
Q

Solute

A

The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

44
Q

Colloid

A

A mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution.
The solute particles consist of tiny clumps of molecules large enough to make the liquid texture opaque (because the particles are large enough to scatter light).

Ex: Familiar examples of colloids are milk and cream.

Ex: In the thyroid glands, the thyroid harmone is stored as a thick protein mixture also called a colloid

45
Q

Suspension

A

A liquid mixture in which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in liquid, but over time, settles out.

46
Q

Sedimentation

A

The seperation of particles from a suspension

47
Q

Salts

A

Formed when ions form ionic bonds

48
Q

Acid

A

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

49
Q

Base

A

A substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution, or one that accepts H+ already present in solution

50
Q

pH

A

The negative, base-10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of the solution

-The relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution can be indicated by its pH

51
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base

-Can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in bodily fluids

52
Q

Functional group (of an organic compound)

A

A group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit

Ex: Tightly knit “cliques” whose members are unlikely to be parted

53
Q

What are the 5 functional groups in human physiology?

A

Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Methyl
Phosphate

54
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

Polar.
Components of all 4 types of organic compounds discussed in this chapter.
They are involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions

-O-H

55
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

Found within fatty acids, amino acids, and many other acids

Check book for structural formula

56
Q

Amino Group

A

Found within amino acids, the building blocks of proteins
-N-H2 (lowercase 2)

57
Q

Methyl Group

A

Found within amino acids

-C-H3 (lowercase 3)

58
Q

Phosphate Group

A

Found within phopholipids and nucleotides

Check book for structural formula

59
Q

Macromolecule

A

Any large molecule`

60
Q

Monomer

A

Macromolecules made up of several copies of single units

61
Q

Polymers

A

Monomers link by covalent bonds to form polymers

62
Q

Monomers form polymers by?

A

Engaging in dehydrated synthesis

63
Q

Polymers are split into monomers by

A

Hydrolysis

64
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Monomers form polymers.
This reaction results in the release of a molecule of water

Each monomer contributes: One gives up a hydrogen atom and the other gives up a hydroxyl group

65
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are split into monomers
The bonds between the monomers are broken, via the donation of a molecule of water, which contributes a hydrogen atom to one monomer and one hydroxyl group to the other

66
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in most carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen are found in the same two-to-one relative proportions they have in water

67
Q

Three kinds of carbohydrates “saccharides” (“sugars”)

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

68
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers of carbohydrates

69
Q

Disaccharides

A

A pair of monosaccharides

Made up of two monomers

Formed via dehydration synthesis, and the bond linking them is referred to as a glycosidic bond.

70
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The polymers and can consist of hundreds to thousands of monomers

71
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups

Releases free energy when its phophate bonds are broken, and thus supplies ready energy to the cell

72
Q

Lipid

A

One of the highly diverse groups of compounds made up mostly of hydrocarbons

73
Q

Triglyceride

A

One of the most common dietary lipid groups, and the type found most abundantly in body tissues.

This compound, referred to as fat, is formed from the synthesis of two types of molecules

74
Q

Glycerol

A

A glycerol backbone at the core of triglycerides, consists of three carbon atoms

75
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Three fatty acids, long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group and a methyl group at opposite ends, extend from each of the carbons of the glycerol

76
Q

Phospholipid

A

A bond between the glycerol component of a lipid and a phosphorus molecule.

77
Q

Prostaglandin

A

One of a group of signaling molecules, but prostaglandins are derived from unsaturated fatty acids.

78
Q

Protein

A

An organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Critical components of all tissues and organs

79
Q

Amino Acid

A

A molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, together with a variable side chain

20 different amino acids contribute to nearly all of the thousands of different proteins important in human structure and function

80
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond between two amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis

A peptide is a very short chain of amino acids

81
Q

Polypeptide

A

Strands containing fewer than about 100 amino acids are generally referred to as polypeptides rather than proteins

82
Q

Denaturation

A

A change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

When they are exposed to heat, acids, bases, and certain other substances, proteins will denature

Example of protein denaturation: The curdling of milk when acidic lemon juice is added

83
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant in an enzymatic reaction. This occurs on regions of the enzyme known as active sites.

84
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Binding of a substrate produces an enxyme-substrate complex

85
Q

Nucleotide

A

The fourth type of organic compound important to human structure and function

A nucleotide is one of a class of organic compounds composed of three subunits

Can be assembled into nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or the energy compound adenosine triphosphate

86
Q

A nucleotide is one of a class of organic compounds composed of what three units?

A
  • One or more phosphate groups
  • A pentose sugar: either deoxyribose or ribose

-A nitrogen-containing base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil

87
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Is nucleotide that stores genetic information

Contains deoxyribose (so-called because it has one less atom of oxygen than ribose) plus one phosphate group and one nitrogen-containing base

88
Q

The nucleic acids differ in their type of ____ _____

A

Pentose sugar

89
Q

The building blocks of all nucleotides are________

A

One or more phosphate groups

A pentose sugaar

A nitrogen containing base

90
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A ribose- containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic codes as protein

RNA contians ribose, one phosphate group, and one nitrogen containing base, but the “choices” of base for RNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

91
Q

Purine

A

A nitrogen-containing molecule with a double ring structure, which accommodates several nitrogen atoms

The nitrogen-containing bases adenine and guanine are classified as purines

92
Q

Pyramidine

A

A nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure

The bases cytosine, thymine (found in DNA only) and uracil (found in RNA only) are pyramidines

93
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, in this case, resulting in ATP

94
Q

Mass

A

The quantity of matter in an
object

On Earth, mass = weight

95
Q

Solid

A

Maintain volume and shape at ordinary temp and pressure

96
Q

Liquid

A

Maintain volume, but not fixed shape

97
Q

Gas

A

Does NOT maintain volume or shape

98
Q

What are chemicals composed of?

A

Atoms

99
Q

Atom

A

Smallest stable unit of matter

Composed of subatomic particles

100
Q

Water

A

Only substance that exists in all three states of matter
at temperatures compatible with life
-Solid (ice)
- Liquid (water)
 Exists over a broad range of temperatures due to interactions among the
polar water molecules
-Gas (water vapor)

101
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus of an atom lies at its center.
Contains one or more protons and it may contain neutrons as well.
The mass of the atom is primarily determined by the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

102
Q

Electron Cloud

A

The electrons in the atom whirl around the nucleus, creating an electron cloud

103
Q

Molecule

A

When atoms interact, they
produce larger, more
complex structures called
molecules
 All matter composed of
varying arrangements of
atoms
 Variation in matter
characteristics results from
types of atoms and ways
they interact

104
Q

4 categories of organic compounds important to the human body

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

105
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of complex reactions occurring in the body
Each reaction interlocking with next
step
Each reaction controlled by specific
enzyme
May absorb or release energy on
completion (exergonic or endergonic)

106
Q
A

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