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STS Midterms > Chapter 4: The Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Scientific Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

A 17th century revolution in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universe, begun by Kepler & Galileo, and ended with Newton.

A

Scientific Revolution.

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2
Q

Three (3) significances of the scientific revolution.

A
  1. Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems
  2. Development of the scientific method
  3. The Enlightenment
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3
Q

Four (4) factors leading to the scientific revolution.

A
  1. Rise of universities
  2. Contact with Non-Western societies
  3. The Renaissance
  4. Exploration
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4
Q

The belief that reason, not tradition, is the source of all knowledge.

A

Rationalism.

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5
Q

French philosopher and mathematician who is quoted saying “I think therefore I am,” and introduced deductive reasoning and rationalism.

A

Rene Descartes.

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6
Q

The belief that experience is the only true source of knowledge.

A

Empiricism.

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7
Q

The shift toward empiricism is a hallmark of the?

A

Scientific Revolution.

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8
Q

English philosopher who introduced the idea of empiricism.

A

Roger Bacon.

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9
Q

He was an English philosopher and empiricist who introduced the scientific method. He also introduced the idea of inductive reasoning, argued for experimental methodology, and known for his famous work “Novum Organum.”

A

Francis Bacon.

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10
Q

4th century BC/BCE Greek philosopher and scientist who wrote several scientific works. His work laid the foundation for scientific study through the medieval era.

A

Aristotle.

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11
Q

2nd century AD/CE Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who wrote the Almagest (Syntaxis) and established the geocentric model of the universe.

A

Ptolemy.

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12
Q

The idea that the Earth is at the center of the universe, and that all other heavenly bodies move around the Earth.

A

Geocentric model of the universe.

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13
Q

The idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe, and that all other heavenly bodies move around the Sun, including the Earth.

A

Heliocentric model of the universe.

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14
Q

Danish astronomer who amassed accurate astronomical data and theorized a system distinct from both the Ptolemaic (geocentric) and Copernican (heliocentric) ones.

A

Tycho Brahe.

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15
Q

German astronomer and mathematician, a student of Tycho who didn’t agree with his interpretation of data, claimed that heavenly bodies moved in elliptical motion, and theorized three laws of planetary motion.

A

Johannes Kepler.

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16
Q

Kepler’s Three (3) Laws of Planetary Motion.

A
  1. Law of Ellipses
  2. Law of Equal Areas
  3. Law of Harmonies
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17
Q

One of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion which states that planets orbit the sun in elliptical patterns.

A

Law of Ellipses.

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18
Q

One of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion which states that the speed of planetary motion changes constantly depending on the distance from the Sun.

A

Law of Equal Areas.

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19
Q

One of Kepler’s law of planetary motion which compares the movement of all the planets, claiming a similarity in their motion.

A

Law of Harmonies.

20
Q

Italian mathematician and astronomer often dubbed as the “Father of Science”, most known for his invention of telescopes and for making astronomical discoveries, and also proposed the theory of falling objects, disproving Aristotle.

A

Galileo Galilei.

21
Q

Galileo’s major work written in 1632 which argued in favor the heliocentric model of the universe.

A

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

22
Q

English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who synthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

A

Sir Isaac Newton.

23
Q

Newton’s Three (3) Laws of Motion.

A
  1. Law of Inertia
  2. Fundamental Law of Dynamics
  3. Law of Reciprocal Actions
24
Q

Greek physician who wrote “On the Elements According to Hippocrates”, came up with the concept of “bodily humors” and two types of blood. Also wrote “On the Use of the Parts of the Body.”

A

Galen.

25
Q

Belgian anatomist who wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body” and corrected many of Galen’s errors.

A

Andreas Vesalius.

26
Q

English physician who wrote “On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals”, describing the functioning of the heart and circulatory system which disproved Galen’s theories.

A

William Harvey.

27
Q

He is renowned for formulating “Boyle’s Law”, which describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of gas.

A

Robert Boyle.

28
Q

He is credited for discovering oxygen, which revolutionized our understanding of gases and laid the groundwork for modern chemisty.

A

Joseph Priestley.

29
Q

He established the law of conservation of mass.

A

Antoine Lavoisier.

30
Q

The law that states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed during chemical reactions.

A

The law of conservation of mass.

31
Q

He is a Swedish botanist who is most known for his classification and naming of flora and fauna.

A

Carolus Linnaeus.

32
Q

He is a French biologist known for his early theory of evolution. He wrote the “Philosophie Zoologique” and came up with Lamarck’s laws.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

33
Q

He is credited for his work on analytical geometry.

A

Rene Descartes.

34
Q

He is credited for his work on calculus.

A

Sir Isaac Newton.

35
Q

It was invented in the Netherlands, and was mostly used by Galileo and Newton.

A

Telescope.

36
Q

The invention of the microscope is credited to three (3) people, which are?

A
  1. Hans Janssen.
  2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  3. Robert Hooke
37
Q

He is credited, along with his son Zacharias Jansen, with inventing one of the earliest microscopes.

A

Hans Janssen.

38
Q

He discovered microscopic life, and was the first to observe a living cell, crafted single-lens microscope.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

39
Q

He discovered the cell, and is also known for formulating the Hooke’s Law.

A

Robert Hooke.

40
Q

The law that states that the stretching of a solid body is proportional to the force applied to it.

A

Hooke’s Law.

41
Q

Which 17th century Dutch scientist invented the pendulum clock, allowing scientists to more accurately measure time?

A

Christiaan Huygens.

42
Q

Which 17th century Italian physicist invented the barometer?

A

Evangelista Torricelli.

43
Q

A device that measures air pressure.

A

Barometer.

44
Q

The thermometer was invented in the 17th century by which Italian scientist?

A

Santorio Santorio.

45
Q

The mechanical calculator was invented by which 17th century German inventor?

A

Wilhelm Schickard.

STS Midterms (4 decks)

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