Chapter 3: Intellectual Revolutions & Society Flashcards
This refers to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history.
Intellectual revolutions.
A term for a shift that results in a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions, challenging long-held views about the nature of the universe.
Paradigm shifts.
This refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
The Copernican Revolution.
He formulated the heliocentric model of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus.
In what year did Copernicus introduce the heliocentric model?
1543.
Despite problems with the heliocentric model and the persecution of the Church, it was soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly by?
Galileo Galilei.
The heliocentric model was capped off by who, a century after its introduction?
Sir Isaac Newton.
Which English naturalist, geologist, and biologist is credited for starting another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century?
Charles Darwin.
In 1859, Charles Darwin published what treatise on the science of evolution?
On The Origin of Species.
An evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.
Natural selection.
Which Austrian neurologist is credited for stirring a 20th century intellectual revolution?
Sigmund Freud.
What school of thought in psychology is at the center of the Freudian Revolution?
Psychoanalysis.
A scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts, embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.
Psychoanalysis.
The repository of unconscious wishes the libidinal and aggressive; all the animal-like impulses the individual experiences.
Id.
The mediator between the demands of the Id and the outer forces of reality. It may operate with the Id in the unconscious level and the reality principle at the preconscious and conscious level.
Ego.
