Chapter 4: The Nervous System

Question 1

Maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (temperature, blood pressure)

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

Allowing some, but not all chemicals to pass

Answer 2

Semipermeable

Question 3

The extent to which chemicals can be dissolved in oils and fats

Answer 3

Lipophilic

Question 4

Structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain

Answer 4

Blood-brain Barrier

Question 5

Recognition proteins that respond to specific chemical signals

Answer 5

Receptors

Question 6

The electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neurone fires

Answer 6

Action Potential

Question 7

Chemical messages released from neurone and having brief, local effects

Answer 7

Neurotransmitters

Question 8

When the membrane potential is more negative

Answer 8

Polarized

Question 9

Occurs when the membrane potential is pushed below the resting potential

Answer 9

Hyper-polarization

Question 10

When the membrane potential is less negative than resting potential

Answer 10

Depolarized

Question 11

A division of the nervous system containing all the nervous that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 11

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 12

Nerve cells that interact with the external environment to carry sensory information into the central nervous system and carry motor (movement) information back out

Answer 12

Somatic System

Question 13

The synapse between a muscle and a neuron

Answer 13

Neuromuscular junction

Question 14

Neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

Acetylcholine

Question 15

The part of the nervous system that controls “involuntary”

functions, such as heart rate

Answer 15

Autonomic

Question 16

The branch of the autonomic system involved in flight or fight reactions

Answer 16

Sympathetic

Question 17

The branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state

Answer 17

Parasympathetic

Question 18

The neurons and pathways of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 18

Central Nervous System

Question 19

Subcortical brain structure controlling muscle tone

Answer 19

Basal Ganglia

Question 20

Degenerative neurological disease involving damage to dopamine neurone in the basal ganglia

Answer 20

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 21

A collection of neurone in the forebrain thought to play an important role in emotional reactions to event

Answer 21

Nucleus Accumbens

Question 22

Neurotransmitter found in the basal ganglia and other regions

Answer 22

Dopamine

Question 23

One of two major dopamine pathways, may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug dependence

Answer 23

Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway

Question 24

A mental disorder characterized by chronic psychosis

Answer 24

Schizophrenia

Question 25

One of two major dopamine pathways, damaged in Parkinson's disease

Answer 25

Nigrostriatal Dopamine Pathway

Question 26

Neurotransmitter found in the rap he nuclei; may be important for impulsivity, mood and cognition, and plays a role in depression

Answer 26

Serotonin

Question 27

Inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain

Answer 27

GABA

Question 28

Excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain

Answer 28

Glutamate

Question 29

Opiate-like chemical that occurs naturally in the brain of humans and other animals

Answer 29

Endorphin

Question 30

A substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 30

Agonist

Question 31

A substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the post synaptic cell

Answer 31

Antagonist

Question 32

Chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters

Answer 32

Precursors

Question 33

Energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are take into cells

Answer 33

Uptake

Question 34

The forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursors

Answer 34

Synthesis

Question 35

Large molecule that assists in either the synthesis or metabolism of another molecule

Answer 35

Enzymes

Question 36

The space between neurons

Answer 36

Synapse

Question 37

Mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron

Answer 37

Transporter

Question 38

To break down or inactivate a neurotransmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action

Answer 38

Metabolize

Question 39

A class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group; monoamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

Answer 39

Monoamine