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Clinical Parasitology > Chapter 4: The Flagellates > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Flagellates belong to the phylum Protozoa and
are members of?

A

Subphylum Mastigophora

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2
Q

Proper identification of structures specific to select flagellates, such as a finlike structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates known as a rodlike support structure found in some flagellates

A

Undulating Membrane and Axostyle

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3
Q

What diagnostic laboratory is used in flagellate identification as those described for the amebas?

A
  • Use saline and iodine wet preparation
  • Permanent stain
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4
Q

This flagellate morphologic structure is often not visible under microscopic examination.

A. Undulating membrane
B. Pseudopods
C. Flagella
D. Axostyle

A

C. Flagella

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5
Q

What are the commonly associated disease or condition names of G. intestinalis.

A
  • Giardiasis
  • Traveler’s diarrhea
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6
Q

It is known as Cercomonas intestinalis

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • It is described as pear or teardrop-shaped
  • “Old man with eyeglasses”
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Four pairs of flagella
  • Median or parabasal bodies

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • Ovoidal
  • Football-shaped
  • Nuclei: 2-4
  • Double wall
  • Dx: Enterotest or ELISA
A
  • Giardia intestinalis
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Giardia lamblia
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7
Q

Two slightly curved rodlike structures, sit on the axonemes posterior to the nuclei, known as?

A

Median bodies

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8
Q

What is the specimen choice for G. intestinalis?

A

Stool

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9
Q

Duodenal contents can identify G. intestinalis using
the string test, also known as?

A

Enterotest

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10
Q

It is a detection of both Giardia & Cryptosporidium.

A

Direct Fluorescence

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11
Q

The newest form of identifying Giardia is?

A

Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

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12
Q

What are the disease manifestations of G. intestinalis?

A
  • Oral anal sexual practices
  • Via the fecal-oral
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13
Q

What is the approved treatment for G. intestinalis?

A

Tinidazole

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14
Q

These are both known to be carriers of double-stranded RNA viruses.

A

G. intestinalis & T. vaginalis

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15
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of C. mesnili?

A

None

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16
Q

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Pear-shaped
  • Assymetrical
  • Large spherical nucleus
  • Have 4 flagella

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • Lemon shaped
  • Knob like or nipple shaped
  • Single nucleus
  • Cytostome w/fibrils
A

Chilomastix mesnili

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17
Q

The fourth flagellum is shorter than the others and extends posteriorly from a rudimentary mouth referred to as a?

A

Cytostome

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18
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, the traditional examination of freshly passed liquid stools from patients infected with C. Mesnili typically reveals only in what stage?

A

Trophozoite

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19
Q

What procedure must often demonstrate the organism’s features most clearly in C. mesnili?

A

Iodine wet preparation

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20
Q

A liquid stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

A

Trophozoites

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21
Q

A formed stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

A

Cysts

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22
Q

A semiformed is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

A

Trophozoites & Cysts

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23
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition name of Dientamoeba fragilis?

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

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24
Q

It does NOT have external flagella and does NOT have cysts stage.

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Irregularly round
  • 1-2 rosette-shaped nuclei
  • Vacuoles with ingested debris
  • Hakansson phenomenon
  • It swell and rupture return to its normal size
A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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25
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what methods should used to detect D. fragilis?

A

Real-time Polymerase Chair Reaction (RT-PCR)

26
Q

What is the best treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis?

A

Iodoquinol

27
Q

What is an acceptable alternative treatment for D. fragilis?

A

Tetracycline

28
Q

It may be used in cases when the treatments listed earlier, for whatever reason, are not appropriate for D. fragilis.

A

Paromomycin

29
Q

The permanent stain of choice for observing the
nuclear features of D. fragilis is which of the following?

A. Trichrome
B. Iodine
C. Saline
D. Iron hematoxylin

A

D. Iron hematoxylin

30
Q

The characteristic nervous, jerky motility is accomplished with the assistance of a full body-length undulating membrane also known as costa.

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Pear-shaped
  • Nervous, jerky
  • One nuclei

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • No stage
A

Trichomonas hominis

31
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas hominis?

A

None

32
Q

Trichomonas hominis can be transmitted by which of the following?

A. Contaminated milk
B. Bite of an infected mosquito
C. Ingestion of an embryonated ovum
D. Ingestion of undercooked meat

A

A. Contaminated milk

33
Q

What is the examination method of choice for T. hominis?

A

Stool

34
Q

This organism may also be seen in the form of a half circle.

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Oval-shaped (half-circle)
  • Exhibit jerky motility
  • Single nucleus with large central karyosome
  • Four flagella originate from the organisms anterior at end

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • Oval or elongated in-shaped
  • 1-4 binucleated and quadrinucleated nuclei located at opposite ends central karyosome
A

Enteromonas hominis

35
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Enteromonas hominis?

A

None

36
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what examination method of choice is Enteromonas hominis?

A

Stool samples in the laboratory diagnostic techniques

37
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Retortamonas intestinalis?

A

None

38
Q

A well-defined fibril borders this structure.

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Ovoid-shape
  • One nucleus with a small central karyosome
  • Two flagella at the anterior
  • Jerky motility
  • Cystosome extending halfway down body length

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • Lemon to pear-shaped cysts
  • Single nucleus with central karyosome
  • Two fused fibrils resembling a bird leak in the anterior nuclear region
A

Retortamonas intestinalis

39
Q

In laboratory examination, what examination method of choice is for R. intestinalis?

A

Permanently stained stool

40
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas tenax?

A

None

41
Q

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Oval to pear-shaped (pyriform)
  • Single nucleus
  • Small cytostome
  • Undulating membrane 2/3 of the costa
  • A thick axosstyle runs along the rhetorical entire body

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • No cysts stage
A

Trichomonas tenax

42
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what specimen of choice for diagnosing T. tenax trophozoite?

A

Mouth scrapings

43
Q

In the microscopic examination for patients suffering from T. tenax infections often yields typical trophozoites, what should be examine?

A

Tonsilar crypt & Pyorrheal pockets

44
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names for T. vaginalis?

A
  • Persistent urethritis
  • Persistent vaginitis
  • Infant Trichomonas
  • Vaginalis infection
45
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what method of choice is used for T. vaginalis?

A
  • Standard processing methods in spun urine, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and prostatic secretions
  • Pap smears
  • Fluorescent test
  • Monoclonal antibody assays
  • Enzyme immunoassays
  • Cultures
46
Q

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

  • Ovoid, round, or pear-shaped (pyriform)
  • Mononucleated
  • Four free anterior flagella
  • Prominent axostyle
  • Rapid, jerky, and tumbling motility

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

  • No cysts stage
A

T. vaginalis

47
Q

Another diagnostic tool used by laboratories
today is?

A

InPouch TV

48
Q

A DNA-based assay has been developed for T.
vaginalis is the detection use of?

A

Affirm VPIII

49
Q

The primary mode of transmission of the T.
vaginalis trophozoites is?

A

Sexual intercourse

50
Q

It is the condition that symptomatic men experience as a result of a T. vaginalis infection.

A

Persistent Urethritis

51
Q

The most common infection site of T. vaginalis in males.

A

Prostate gland

52
Q

It found in infected women, is characterized by a foul smelling, greenish-yellow liquid vaginal discharge after an incubation period of 4 to 28 days.

A

Persistent Vaginitis

53
Q

These conditions were most likely contracted as a result of T. vaginalis trophozoites migrating from an infected mother to the infant through the birth canal and/or during vaginal delivery.

A

Infant Infection

54
Q

What is the treatment of choice is used for T. vaginalis infection?

A

Metronidazole (flagyl)

55
Q

This prominent structure found in T. vaginalis trophozoites that often extends beyond the body provides the parasite with support.

A. Nucleus
B. Axostyle
C. Axoneme
D. Granule

A

B. Axostyle

56
Q

Characteristics: Lemon-shaped cyst

A

Chilomastix mesnili

57
Q

Characteristics: Trophozoite has a ventrally located sucking disc

A

Giardia intestinalis

58
Q

Characteristics: Transmitted by helminth ova

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

59
Q

Characteristics: Specimen of choice is a mouth scraping

A

Trichomonas
tenax

60
Q

Characteristics: Specimen of choice can be a urethral swab

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

61
Q

Characteristics: Fibrils form a characteristic bird’s beak

A

Retortamonas intestinalis

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

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