Chapter 4: The Flagellates Flashcards
Flagellates belong to the phylum Protozoa and
are members of?
Subphylum Mastigophora
Proper identification of structures specific to select flagellates, such as a finlike structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates known as a rodlike support structure found in some flagellates
Undulating Membrane and Axostyle
What diagnostic laboratory is used in flagellate identification as those described for the amebas?
- Use saline and iodine wet preparation
- Permanent stain
This flagellate morphologic structure is often not visible under microscopic examination.
A. Undulating membrane
B. Pseudopods
C. Flagella
D. Axostyle
C. Flagella
What are the commonly associated disease or condition names of G. intestinalis.
- Giardiasis
- Traveler’s diarrhea
It is known as Cercomonas intestinalis
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- It is described as pear or teardrop-shaped
- “Old man with eyeglasses”
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Four pairs of flagella
- Median or parabasal bodies
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- Ovoidal
- Football-shaped
- Nuclei: 2-4
- Double wall
- Dx: Enterotest or ELISA
- Giardia intestinalis
- Giardia duodenalis
- Giardia lamblia
Two slightly curved rodlike structures, sit on the axonemes posterior to the nuclei, known as?
Median bodies
What is the specimen choice for G. intestinalis?
Stool
Duodenal contents can identify G. intestinalis using
the string test, also known as?
Enterotest
It is a detection of both Giardia & Cryptosporidium.
Direct Fluorescence
The newest form of identifying Giardia is?
Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
What are the disease manifestations of G. intestinalis?
- Oral anal sexual practices
- Via the fecal-oral
What is the approved treatment for G. intestinalis?
Tinidazole
These are both known to be carriers of double-stranded RNA viruses.
G. intestinalis & T. vaginalis
What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of C. mesnili?
None
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Pear-shaped
- Assymetrical
- Large spherical nucleus
- Have 4 flagella
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- Lemon shaped
- Knob like or nipple shaped
- Single nucleus
- Cytostome w/fibrils
Chilomastix mesnili
The fourth flagellum is shorter than the others and extends posteriorly from a rudimentary mouth referred to as a?
Cytostome
In laboratory diagnosis, the traditional examination of freshly passed liquid stools from patients infected with C. Mesnili typically reveals only in what stage?
Trophozoite
What procedure must often demonstrate the organism’s features most clearly in C. mesnili?
Iodine wet preparation
A liquid stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?
Trophozoites
A formed stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?
Cysts
A semiformed is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?
Trophozoites & Cysts
What is the commonly associated disease and condition name of Dientamoeba fragilis?
Dientamoeba fragilis infection
It does NOT have external flagella and does NOT have cysts stage.
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Irregularly round
- 1-2 rosette-shaped nuclei
- Vacuoles with ingested debris
- Hakansson phenomenon
- It swell and rupture return to its normal size
Dientamoeba fragilis
In laboratory diagnosis, what methods should used to detect D. fragilis?
Real-time Polymerase Chair Reaction (RT-PCR)
What is the best treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis?
Iodoquinol
What is an acceptable alternative treatment for D. fragilis?
Tetracycline
It may be used in cases when the treatments listed earlier, for whatever reason, are not appropriate for D. fragilis.
Paromomycin
The permanent stain of choice for observing the
nuclear features of D. fragilis is which of the following?
A. Trichrome
B. Iodine
C. Saline
D. Iron hematoxylin
D. Iron hematoxylin
The characteristic nervous, jerky motility is accomplished with the assistance of a full body-length undulating membrane also known as costa.
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Pear-shaped
- Nervous, jerky
- One nuclei
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- No stage
Trichomonas hominis
What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas hominis?
None
Trichomonas hominis can be transmitted by which of the following?
A. Contaminated milk
B. Bite of an infected mosquito
C. Ingestion of an embryonated ovum
D. Ingestion of undercooked meat
A. Contaminated milk
What is the examination method of choice for T. hominis?
Stool
This organism may also be seen in the form of a half circle.
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Oval-shaped (half-circle)
- Exhibit jerky motility
- Single nucleus with large central karyosome
- Four flagella originate from the organisms anterior at end
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- Oval or elongated in-shaped
- 1-4 binucleated and quadrinucleated nuclei located at opposite ends central karyosome
Enteromonas hominis
What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Enteromonas hominis?
None
In laboratory diagnosis, what examination method of choice is Enteromonas hominis?
Stool samples in the laboratory diagnostic techniques
What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Retortamonas intestinalis?
None
A well-defined fibril borders this structure.
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Ovoid-shape
- One nucleus with a small central karyosome
- Two flagella at the anterior
- Jerky motility
- Cystosome extending halfway down body length
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- Lemon to pear-shaped cysts
- Single nucleus with central karyosome
- Two fused fibrils resembling a bird leak in the anterior nuclear region
Retortamonas intestinalis
In laboratory examination, what examination method of choice is for R. intestinalis?
Permanently stained stool
What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas tenax?
None
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Oval to pear-shaped (pyriform)
- Single nucleus
- Small cytostome
- Undulating membrane 2/3 of the costa
- A thick axosstyle runs along the rhetorical entire body
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- No cysts stage
Trichomonas tenax
In laboratory diagnosis, what specimen of choice for diagnosing T. tenax trophozoite?
Mouth scrapings
In the microscopic examination for patients suffering from T. tenax infections often yields typical trophozoites, what should be examine?
Tonsilar crypt & Pyorrheal pockets
What are the commonly associated disease and condition names for T. vaginalis?
- Persistent urethritis
- Persistent vaginitis
- Infant Trichomonas
- Vaginalis infection
In laboratory diagnosis, what method of choice is used for T. vaginalis?
- Standard processing methods in spun urine, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and prostatic secretions
- Pap smears
- Fluorescent test
- Monoclonal antibody assays
- Enzyme immunoassays
- Cultures
Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite
- Ovoid, round, or pear-shaped (pyriform)
- Mononucleated
- Four free anterior flagella
- Prominent axostyle
- Rapid, jerky, and tumbling motility
Characteristics: Parasite Cysts
- No cysts stage
T. vaginalis
Another diagnostic tool used by laboratories
today is?
InPouch TV
A DNA-based assay has been developed for T.
vaginalis is the detection use of?
Affirm VPIII
The primary mode of transmission of the T.
vaginalis trophozoites is?
Sexual intercourse
It is the condition that symptomatic men experience as a result of a T. vaginalis infection.
Persistent Urethritis
The most common infection site of T. vaginalis in males.
Prostate gland
It found in infected women, is characterized by a foul smelling, greenish-yellow liquid vaginal discharge after an incubation period of 4 to 28 days.
Persistent Vaginitis
These conditions were most likely contracted as a result of T. vaginalis trophozoites migrating from an infected mother to the infant through the birth canal and/or during vaginal delivery.
Infant Infection
What is the treatment of choice is used for T. vaginalis infection?
Metronidazole (flagyl)
This prominent structure found in T. vaginalis trophozoites that often extends beyond the body provides the parasite with support.
A. Nucleus
B. Axostyle
C. Axoneme
D. Granule
B. Axostyle
Characteristics: Lemon-shaped cyst
Chilomastix mesnili
Characteristics: Trophozoite has a ventrally located sucking disc
Giardia intestinalis
Characteristics: Transmitted by helminth ova
Dientamoeba fragilis
Characteristics: Specimen of choice is a mouth scraping
Trichomonas
tenax
Characteristics: Specimen of choice can be a urethral swab
Trichomonas vaginalis
Characteristics: Fibrils form a characteristic bird’s beak
Retortamonas intestinalis
