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Clinical Parasitology > Chapter 2: Specimen Collection and Processing > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Specimen Collection and Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common procedure performed in the area of parasitology the examination of a stool specimen?

A

Ova & Parasites

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2
Q

It refers to the egg stage of select parasites

A

Ova

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3
Q

It encompasses the other morphologic forms that may be present.

A

Parasites

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4
Q

What are the TWO general components associated with this routine parasitology
procedure?

A

Macroscopic & Microscopic

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5
Q

This examination is used to detect the presence of parasites in a stool specimen

This examination consist of THREE possible components, each of which is detailed in the sections that follow a discussion of collection, transport, and fixatives for preservation.

A

Microscopic examination

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6
Q

This examination was used to determine the consistency and color of the sample

A

Macroscopic examination

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7
Q

This stage is a morphologic form that invades humans.

A

Infective stage

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8
Q

This stage is one or more forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods.

A

Diagnostic stage

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9
Q

This may be detected from a properly collected and prepared stool specimen.

A

Protozoa and Helminths

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10
Q

The protozoan forms are known as?

A

Trophozoites & Cysts

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11
Q

The typical stool collection protocol consists of how many specimens?

A

3 specimens in 10 days

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12
Q

What is the one exception in the diagnosis of amebiasis?

A

6 specimens in 14 days are acceptable

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13
Q

Stool samples from patients whose therapy includes?

A
  1. Bismuth
  2. Barium
  3. Mineral oil
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14
Q

Stool samples from patients whose therapy includes barium, bismuth, or mineral oil should be collected prior to therapy or not until how many days?

A

5 to 7 days after the completion of therapy

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15
Q

The collection of specimens from patients who have taken antibiotics or antimalarial medications should be delayed for how many weeks?

A

2 weeks following therapy

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16
Q

The acceptable amount of stool required for parasite study is?

A

2-5 grams or the size of the walnut

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17
Q

Urine should not be allowed to contaminate the stool specimen because it has been known to?

A

Destroy some parasites

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18
Q

Rice watery stool is known as what disease?

A

Cholera

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19
Q

What do you call when you cough up blood from your lungs?

A

Hemoptysis

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20
Q

What item should be specimen placed for transport to the laboratory?

A

Into a zip-lock plastic bag

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21
Q

This should also be used in laboratories, when present.

A

Biohazard hoods

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22
Q

To demonstrate the motility of protozoan trophozoites, what should be required?

A

Fresh specimen

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23
Q

Trophozoites are usually found in?

A

Liquid stool

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24
Q

In how many minutes does the liquid specimen be examined?

A

30 minutes

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25
Q

In how many hours does a soft or semiformed specimen yield a mixture of protozoan cysts and trophozoites be examined?

A

1 hour

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26
Q

Formed stool specimens are not likely to contain trophozoites; therefore, they can be held for how many hours?

A

24 hours

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27
Q

This are substances that preserves the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of certain helminth eggs and larvae.

A

Fixatives

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28
Q

The specimen must be fixed in the preservative for at least how many minutes before processing begins?

A

30 minutes

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29
Q

This has been used for many years as an all-purpose fixative for the recovery of protozoa and helminths.

A

Formalin

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30
Q

Two concentrations of formalin are commonly used, how many percent of concentration?

A

5%

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31
Q

The concentration preserves helminth eggs and larvae, how many percent?

A

10%

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32
Q

Formalin may be routinely used for direct examinations and concentration procedures, except?

A

But not for permanent smears

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33
Q

What are the THREE primary advantages of the use of formalin?

A
  1. It is easy to prepare
  2. It preserves specimens for up to several years
  3. It has a long shelf life
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of formalin?

A

It does not preserve parasite morphology
adequately for permanent smears.

35
Q

How many percentages of parasite specimens are on feces stool?

A

95%

36
Q

What is the early morning specimen that is best or most concentrated?

A

Sputum

37
Q

What is the early morning or first void specimen?

A

Urine

38
Q

What type of preservation is best for amoebic trophozoites can prepare permanent stain slides from specimens preserved?

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

39
Q

What is the viable alternative to the use of PVA and Schaudinn fixative?

This preservative can be used for performing concentration techniques and permanent stained smears.

A

Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF)

40
Q

This type of preservative is used for fresh stool samples that are good for trophs and cysts.

A

Schaudinn’s fluid

41
Q

The other alternatives to mercury-based PVA are the use of substitute compounds containing copper sulfate or zinc sulfate.

A

Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol (MPA)

42
Q

These single-vial fixatives are free of formalin and mercury and can be used for concentration techniques and permanent stained smears.

A

Alternative single-vial system

43
Q

It is a disk that is inserted into the eyepiece of the microscope.

A

Ocular micrometer

44
Q

It is defined as a slide made by mixing a small portion of unfixed stool.

A

Direct wet mount

45
Q

Screening a slide using these adjustments typically takes an experienced laboratory technician approximately how many minutes?

A

10 minutes

46
Q

It is used to detect small numbers of parasites that might not be detected using direct wet preparations.

A

Concentration techniques

47
Q

What are the TWO types of concentration techniques?

A
  1. Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation
  2. Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
48
Q

What is the most widely used sedimentation technique?

A

Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation

49
Q

This technique is also based on differences in specific gravity between the sample debris.

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

50
Q

What are the two common stains used for routine O&P testing including trichrome?

A
  1. Wheatley modification
  2. Iron hematoxylin
51
Q

What is the most widely used permanent stain?

A

Wheatley trichrome

52
Q

It is used instead of the trichrome technique.

A

Iron hematoxylin

53
Q

It is used to diagnose cryptosporidium, isopora, and cyclospora.

A

Acid-fast stain

54
Q

It is used to diagnose microsporidiosis.

A

Modified trichrome stain

55
Q

It is used for blood smears.

A

Wright stain & Giemsa stain

56
Q

It is easy to perform and most commonly used.

A

Trichrome stain

57
Q

It can enhance the detection of microfilarial sheaths.

A

Iron hematoxylin

58
Q

In Duodenal material, the specimen
may be collected by?

A

Nasogastric intubation or Enteric capsule test (Enterotest)

59
Q

What are the parasites that may be observed in Duodenal material?

A
  • Giardia intestinal
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Cryptosporidium spp
60
Q

Examination of sigmoidoscopy (colon) material is often helpful for detecting what parasite?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

61
Q

The cellophane tape prep is the specimen of choice for the detection of what parasite?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

62
Q

Parasites that may be recovered in the blood include?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Leishmania donovani
  3. Trypanosoma spp
63
Q

It is designed to concentrate blood specimens suspected of containing low numbers of microfilariae.

A

Knott techniques

64
Q

It is a layer of white blood cells between the plasma and red blood cells that results from centrifuging whole blood.

A

Buffy coat slides

65
Q

It is a slant inoculated by the addition of
a single drop of collected blood or ground tissue

A

Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle

66
Q

Skin Snips are useful in the detection of what parasite?

A

Onchocercus volvulus

67
Q

It is a technique used for the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease.

A

Xenodiagnosis

68
Q

These techniques allow the detection of a wide variety of parasites but are labor-intensive and require an experienced microscopist.

A

Stool screening method

69
Q

Tissue and biopsy specimens are recommended for the recovery of a number of parasites, including intracellular organisms such as?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Leishmania spp.
70
Q

Sputum

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Paragonimus westermani
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Microsporidia
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Entamoeba gingivalis
71
Q

Urine and Genital Secretions

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
72
Q

Eye specimens

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Acanthamoeba keratitis
  • Acanthamoeba
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Microsporidia
  • Loa loa
73
Q

Mouth Scrapings and Nasal Discharge

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Entamoeba gingivalis
  • Trichomonas tenax
  • Naegleria fowleri
74
Q

Skin snips

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Onchocerca volvulus
75
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Naegleria fowleri
76
Q

Muscles

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Trichinella spiralis
77
Q

Liver & Spleen

Parasite detection –>

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Leishmania donovani
78
Q

Parasites that can be isolated with culture include

A
  • Leishmania spp
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Toxoplasma gondii
79
Q

These methods are not a common means of detecting parasites.

A

Culture methods

80
Q

Animal inoculation and Xenodiagnosis specimens should be collected using?

A

Aseptic techniques

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

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