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Genetics > Chapter 4: The Chromosome Theory Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Chromosome Theory Of Inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can extra chromosome cause a wide range of phenotypic effects?

A

Chromosomes transmit genetic information.

The type and amount of genetic material is important for normal development.

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2
Q

In 1667 what did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek hypothesis?

A

He hypothesized that sperm may enter egg to achieve fertilization.

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3
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Nuclear division that generates two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as parent cell.

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4
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Nuclear division that generates gametes containing half the number of chromosomes found in other cells

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5
Q

Most body cells are diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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6
Q

Meiosis generates haploid gametes that?

A

Carry only a single set of chromosomes

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7
Q

Two gametes fuse during fertilization to form a __________

A

Zygote

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8
Q

Zygotes are diploid meaning?

A

They carry two matching sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

In metacentric chromosome where is the centromere located?

A

The centromere is in the middle.

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10
Q

In Acrocentric chromosome the centromere is located where?

A

Centromere is near one end.

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11
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a replicated chromosome

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12
Q

What are homologs?

A

They contain the same set of genes but can have different alleles for some genes

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13
Q

Nonhomologs carry what?

A

Completely unrelated sets of genes

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14
Q

What are autosomes?

A

All chromosomes except X and Y

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15
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Unpaired X and Y

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16
Q

W. S. Sutton studied meiosis in what?

A

Great lubber grasshoppers

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17
Q

Before meiosis, testes cells had how many chromosomes?

A

24

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18
Q

After meiosis, two types of what were formed?

A

Two types of sperm were formed

1/2 of the sperm had 11 chromosomes and an X
1/2 of the sperm had 11 chromosomes and a Y

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19
Q

After meiosis what was produced?

A

Only one type of egg was produced

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20
Q

What did Sutton conclude at the end of his experiment with the great lubber grasshopper?

A

He concluded that the X and Y chromosomes determine sex

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21
Q

What is the primary determinant of maleness in a single gene called?

A

SRY

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22
Q

SRY is alway present in _______ males

A

XX

23
Q

SRY is always nonfunctional in ________ females

A

XY

24
Q

In drosophila, the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes determines what?

A

Gender

25
Q

In humans, what determines gender?

A

The presences or absences of Y chromosomes.

26
Q

In Drosophila what determines gender?

A

The ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes

27
Q

What is heterogametic sex?

A

Gender with two different kinds of gametes males in humans

28
Q

What is homogametic sex?

A

Gender with one type of gamete

29
Q

In some species gender is determine by what?

A

Environment

30
Q

Interphase has three parts:

A

Gap 1 phase, synthesis phase, and gap 2 phase

31
Q

What is centrosome?

A

Microtubule organizing center near the nuclear envelope.

32
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Core of centrosome, not found in plant cells

33
Q

Most of cell growth occur during which phases of interphase?

A

G1 and G2

34
Q

Chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids during which phase in the interphase?

A

S phase

35
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

Chromosomes are not duplicating or dividing.

36
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Duplication of chromosomes into sister chromatids

37
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

Synthesis of proteins required for mitosis

38
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis?

A 
Prophase 
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
39
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible

40
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Spindle forms and sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite centrosomes

41
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosome align at the cell equator

42
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

43
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes Decondense and are enclosed in two nuclei.

44
Q

Mitotic spindle forms from what three kinds of microtubules?

A

Astral, kinetochore, and polar

45
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides, splitting the elongated parent cell into two daughter cells with identical nuclei

46
Q

Somatic cells make up what?

A

Vast majority of cells in the organisms

47
Q

Germ cells are what?

A

Precursors to gametes

48
Q

What are the two rounds of cell division in meiosis?

A

Chromosomes duplicate once; nuclei divide twice

Meiosis 1 reduces the chromoses from 2n to n

49
Q

What happens in meiosis 1?

A

Homologs pair, cross over, and then segregate

50
Q

What are the first three sub stages of prophase 1?

A

Leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene

51
Q

What happens in prophase 1: leptotene

A

Chromosomes thicken and become visible, but the chromatids remain invisible.

Centrosomes begin to move toward opposite poles.

52
Q

What happens in prophase 1: Zygotene?

A

Homologous chromosomes Exeter synapsids

The synaptonemal complex forms

53
Q

What happens in prophase 1: Pachytene

A
  1. Synapsids is complete

2. Crossing-over, genetic exchange between no sister chromatids of a homologous pair, occurs.

54
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Mistakes in chromosome segregation during meiosis 1 or

Genetics (3 decks)

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