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Genetics > Chapter 2 and 3: Mendel Principle Of Heredity with extensions to Mendel's laws > Flashcards

Chapter 2 and 3: Mendel Principle Of Heredity with extensions to Mendel's laws Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

Allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization

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2
Q

What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

Alleles pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes.

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

It is a region of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA

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4
Q

What is heredity?

A

It is the way that genes transmit traits from parents to offspring

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5
Q

What are examples of genes?

A

Cleft chin, hair loss, eye color.

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6
Q

What are the four general themes of Mendel’s work?

A

Variation is widespread in nature and provides for continuously evolving diversity.

Observable variation is essential for following genes from one generation to another.

Variation is inherited by genetic laws, which can explain why like begets like and unlike.

Mendel’s laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms

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7
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Purposeful control over mating by choice of parents

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8
Q

Mendel laws are based on what hypothesis?

A

That observable traits are determined by independent units of inheritance not visible to the naked eye.

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9
Q

What is blended inheritance?

A

It is the idea that parental traits become mixed and forever changed in the offspring

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10
Q

What is self fertilization?

A

Both eggs and pollen come from the same plant

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11
Q

What is cross fertilization?

A

Two individuals by brushing pollen from one plant onto a female organ of another plant

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12
Q

What is some examples of continuous traits?

A

Hieght and skin color

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13
Q

What is antagonist pairs?

A

Mutually exclusive alternative genes

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14
Q

Individuals having two different alleles for a single trait are _______

A

Monohybrids

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15
Q

What are monohybrids

A

Individuals having two different alleles for a single trait

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16
Q

Pinned square was name d after who?

A

Reginald Punnett

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17
Q

Two alleles for each trait seperate during gamete formation. Two gametes one from each parent, unite at random at fertilization is called what?

A

Law of segregation

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18
Q

Phenotype are?

A

Observable characteristics

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19
Q

During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other is called?

A

Law of independent assortment

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20
Q

Basic units of heredity is called?

A

Genes

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21
Q

What is genes

A

Basic units of heredity

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22
Q

Region of a DNA that encodes a protein or RNA is called

A

Genes

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23
Q

What is preformation?

A

A tiny performed human resided in egg or sperm

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24
Q

What is a homunculus?

A

Fully formed miniature fetus

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25
Q

A fully formed miniature fetus is called

A

A homunculus

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26
Q

Two different alleles for a single trait are?

A

Monohybrids

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27
Q

Two different alleles for a single trait

A

Monohybrids

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28
Q

Probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of probabilities that each event will occur by itself is called

A

The product rule

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29
Q

What is the product rule

A

Probability of two independent events occurring together

30
Q

Probability of mutually exclusive events equals the sum of the individual probabilities is called

A

Sum rule

31
Q

What is the sum rule?

A

Probability of mutually exclusive events equals the sum of the individual

32
Q

Test cross reveals what?

A

An unknown genotype

33
Q

What are the effects of Thalassemia?

A

Reduced amounts of hemoglobin; anemia, bone, and spleen enlargement.

34
Q

What are the effects of sickle-cell anemia?

A

Abnormal hemoglobin, sickle shaped red cells, anemia, blocked circulation; increased resistance to malaria.

35
Q

What are the effects of cystic fibrosis?

A

Defective cell membrane protein; excessive mucus production, digestive and respiratory failure.

36
Q

What are the effects of Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Missing enzyme, build up of fatty deposit in brain, buildup disrupts mental development.

37
Q

What are the effects of Phenylketonuria?

A

Missing enzyme, mental deficiency.

38
Q

What are the effects of Hyperchlosterolmia?

A

Missing protein that removes cholesterol from the blood; Heart attack by age 50

39
Q

What are the effects of Huntington disease

A

Abnormal Huntington protein; progressive mental and neurological damage; neurological disorders by age 40-70

40
Q

Antigen A has what antibody?

A

B

41
Q

antigen B has what antibodies?

A

A

42
Q

Antigens A + B has what antibodies

A

Neither

43
Q

Neither A or B antigen has what antibodies

A

It has both antibodies

44
Q

Antigen A has what type of blood

A

A

45
Q

Antigen B has what type of blood

A

B

46
Q

Antigens A + B has what type of blood?

A

Type AB

47
Q

Neither A or B has what type of blood?

A

Type O

48
Q

What’s is pleiotropy?

A

One gen affects many phenotypic traits l

49
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One gene completely masks the phenotype expression of another gene

50
Q

The gene that is masked is _______ to the other allele

A

Hypoststic

51
Q

What is penetrance?

A

The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype

52
Q

The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype is called

A

Penetrance

53
Q

Mutation is present yet some individuals fail to develop the phenotype\symptom is?

A

Incomplete/reduced penetrance

54
Q

Mutation is present yet some individuals fail to develop the phenotype or symptom is called!

A

Incomplete or reduced penetrance

55
Q

What is expressivity?

A

Severity or extent of expression.

56
Q

Severity or extent of expression is called

A

Expressivity

57
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

A congenital disorder, in which the terminal portion of the limb is attached directly to the trunk.

58
Q

What is a congenital disorder, in which the terminal portion of the limb is attached directly to the trunk

A

Phocomelia

59
Q

Mutation is in ________ Gene that encodes for a fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 protein.

A

FGFR3

60
Q

Lack of the receptor yields

A

Stunted growth

61
Q

What is the phenotypic result for IaIa?

A

Type A blood

62
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for Iaia?

A

Type A blood

63
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for I

A

Type O blood

64
Q

An example of a genetic disorder for incomplete dominance is?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

65
Q

Reduced amounts of hemoglobin; anemia, bone, and spleen enlargement is what genetic disease?

A

Thalassemia

66
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin; sickle-shaped red cells, anemia, blocked circulation; increased resistance to malaria is what genetic disease?

A

Sickle-cell anemia

67
Q

Defective cell membrane protein; excessive mucus production; digestive and respiratory failure is what genetic disease?

A

Cystic-fibrosis

68
Q

Missing enzyme; buildup of fatty deposit in brain; buildup disrupts mental development

A

Tay-Sachs disease

69
Q

Missing enzyme; mental deficiency is genetic disease?

A

Phenylketonuria PKU

70
Q

Missing protein that removes cholesterol from the blood is what genetic disease?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

71
Q

Abnormal Huntington protein; progressive mental and neurological damage is what genetic disease?

A

Huntington disease

72
Q

What genetic diseases is caused by a dominant allele?

A

Hypercholesterolemia and Huntington disease

Genetics (3 decks)

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