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Anatomy Test > Chapter 4 - The Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary components of the cardiorespiratory system?

A

The respiratory system (lungs and muscles responsible for breathing)

The cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)

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2
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system? (Sometimes called the ventilatory system)

A
  1. To supply sufficient oxygen to meet the tissue demands of the body. This tissue includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, along with every other living cell within the body.
  2. To eliminate waste products (carbon dioxide) from the cellular environment. Carbon dioxide is a gas produced during the consumption of oxygen and is often referred to as a waste product.
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3
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

The thoracic region.

They sir superior to the diaphragm and are also superior, lateral and slightly anterior to the heart

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4
Q

What is each lung surrounded by?

A

A pleural membrane that is filled with pleural fluid.

This plays a key role in regulating the pressure of the lungs and providing lungs with space they need to expand.

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5
Q

What is the inside of the lung like?

A

Has a sponge like texture and is saturated with a mass of air sacs (approx 30 million) and blood vessels which interact with each other to pass gasses in and out of the body’s tissues.

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

Provide a continuous flow of oxygen into the bodily tissues.

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7
Q

Explain the process of the passage of air through the respiratory system (7 stages)

A
  1. Pharynx (warm and humidify the air as it passes through respiratory tract)
  2. Larynx (also known as voice box)
  3. Trachea (windpipe - continuation of the larynx and is about 10-12cm long. Protected by a ring of cartilage which helps it to maintain its shape. Also plays role in warming air and in the cough reflex)
  4. Bronchi (before going into lungs, air is divided by the bronchi before entering the bronchioles. Also play role in warming air and coughing up irritants)
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Alveoli (air leaves the bronchioles to enter the alveoli which are tiny air sac like structures.
  7. Capillaries (oxygen from the breathed in air is deposited in the capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillaries is passed into the air sacs for breathing out)

Remember by: Paula Like To Bake Bread And Cakes

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8
Q

Explain the process of the exchange of gases in the lungs.

A

Oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli, while carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the capillary.

This process is referred to as gaseous exchange or diffusion.

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9
Q

What are the 4 main things that are breathed in and out?

A

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Water Vapour

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10
Q

The transport of air in and out of the body is achieved by the continued action of…

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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11
Q

During inhalation, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

Contracts to become flatter in shape, moving down into the abdominal space.

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12
Q

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

It relaxes and moves up and back to its dome shape.

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13
Q

What do the external intercostals and internal intercostals do during breathing?

A

The external intercostals contract to elevate the ribs during inspiration and relax to allow the ribs to depress during expiration.

The internal intercostals contract to depress the ribs during expiration and relax to allow the ribs to elevate during inspiration.

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14
Q

In a normal quiet pattern of breathing, approximately how many breaths per minute?

A

15

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15
Q

What are two common respiratory disorders?

A

Asthma - caused m sensitive airways that became inflamed when they are exposed to triggers. Symptoms include a tight chest, wheezing and general difficult breathing.

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of irreversible lung disorders. Including bronchitis, empyema and others.

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16
Q

How would you describe ‘tidal volume’ in relation to the lungs.

A

Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath. The inspired and expired volumes are usually the same.

During exercise the tidal volume is increased by increasing the depth and rate of each breath.

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17
Q

How would you describe ‘residual volume’ in relation to the lungs.

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration.

Without this volume of air the lungs would collapse.

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18
Q

How would you describe ‘vital capacity’ in relation to the lungs.

A

This is the maximum volume of expired gases following a maximum inspiration.

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19
Q

How would you describe ‘total lung capacity’ in relation to the lungs.

A

The maximum volume of air within the lungs. (Measured by adding residual volume to vital capacity).
Average adult male has a lung capacity of around 5.8 litres. Woman around 4.2 litres.
You cannot increase lung capacity through exercise but you can increase lung efficiency.

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20
Q

What is the valsalva manoeuvre?

A

A respiratory technique that involved closing the narrowest part of the trachea following a maximum inhalation in order to increase intrathoracic pressure.

This has been used by weight lifters who need to remain stable while generating maximum levels of force.

There are lots of risks associated with this such as dizziness, drop in blood pressure and strain on cardiovascular system.

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21
Q

The average adult body contains approx how much blood?

A

5 litres (9 pints)

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22
Q

It is estimated that the length of the circulatory system is around…

A

60,000 miles

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23
Q

The cardiovascular system performs a variety of general bodily functions, including…

A
  1. Transportation of nutrients and gases
  2. Removal of waste products and gases
  3. The regulation of the body temperature
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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation is concerned with…

A

Transportation of blood between the heart and the lungs (pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein)

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25
Q

Systematic circulation is concerned with…

A

The transportation of blood between the tissues of the body and the heart (aorta - body tissue - vena cava)

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26
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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27
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are called…?

A

Atria (atrium for singular)

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28
Q

The lower chambers of the heart are called…?

A

Ventricles

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29
Q

The heart is divided into a left and a right side by a thick muscular wall called a…

A

Septum

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30
Q

What is the role of arteries in the heart?

A

Carry blood away from the heart via the pulmonary artery and aorta.

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31
Q

What is the role of veins in the heart?

A

Carry blood into the heart (vena cava and pulmonary vein)

32
Q

What is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called?

A

Tricuspid

33
Q

What is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called?

A

Bicuspid

34
Q

What are the two primary functions of the heart?

A
  1. To pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues and to the lungs for oxygenation
  2. To pump oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues to be used as an energy source
35
Q

Explain the system of blood passage through the heart.

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava. It passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood is ejected towards the lungs via the pulmonary artery. In the lungs the blood deposits carbon dioxide and collects more oxygen.

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein and then into the left ventricle. This then goes to the aorta for transportation around the body tissues.

36
Q

Which side of the heart deals only with deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

37
Q

Which side of the heart only deals with oxygenated blood?

A

Left

38
Q

What does the cardiac cycle refer to?

A

A complete heartbeat

There are two phases: systole (beating/pumping phase) and diastole (relaxing/filling phase)

39
Q

What is the job of coronary arteries?

A

They branch off from the left side of the heart at the root of the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the hearts muscular wall

40
Q

What is the job of coronary veins?

A

Collect deoxygenated blood from the hearts muscular wall and return this to the pulmonary artery, where it is delivered back to the lungs for re-oxygenation

41
Q

What does higher blood pressure make it more difficult to do?

A

For the heart to empty its blood into the already full aorta

42
Q

What does lower blood pressure make it more difficult to do?

A

Move blood through the arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood flow is pressure driven.

43
Q

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

A

Temporarily increase in order to achieve a higher rate of oxygen delivery to the active muscles.

Long term effects of exercise lower BP as cardiovascular system becomes more efficient.

44
Q

What are the two values recorded when measuring blood pressure?

A

Systolic - pressure within the arteries as the heart contracts

Diastolic - pressure in the arteries during the relaxation period between heart beats

45
Q

What would a healthy resting blood pressure be?

A

120/80 mmHg

Recorded in millimetres of mercury

46
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A chronic condition that is defined as sustained and abnormally high blood pressure.

Resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg

47
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure.

48
Q

What are modifiable risk factors of high blood pressure?

A 
Excess salt intake
High intake of fatty foods
Being overweight 
Excess alcohol 
Too little activity 
Stress/mental illness
Smoking
High cholesterol
49
Q

What does the term heart rate describe?

A

Describes the physical amount of work the heart is required to do in order to pump blood around the body.

Normal healthy rate for adults is sixty to eighty BPM

50
Q

What is the maximum heart rate?

A

The maximum number of times the heart can physically beat in one minute.

51
Q

What is the formula to work out an individuals maximum heart rate?

A

220 - age = MHR

52
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Describes the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat. Higher stroke volume equals a strong and healthy heart. This also increases during exercise.

53
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped through the heart in one minute. This can be worked out by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume.

Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

54
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

Measure of the efficiency of the cardiovascular system. This represents the max volume of oxygen that the cardiorespiratory system can take in (lungs), deliver (heart and blood) and used (muscles).

55
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

A continuous circuit of highly adaptable structures that surround every living cell in the body.

56
Q

What are the two ways that blood vessels adapt to increased levels of activity?

A
  1. Dilation - during increased levels of activity the bodily tissues demand more oxygen and nutrients that are carried in the blood. Increases in heart rate and blood pressure cause the vessel walls to stretch. This enables more blood to pass through them.
  2. Constriction - occurs at the same time as dilation but in the arteries that deliver blood to non working areas. The brain signals the smooth muscle within the vessel to contract, this narrows the vessel and reduces the amount of blood that can pass through it.
57
Q

What are arteries?

A

The largest of the three blood vessels and contain thick muscular and elastic walls that enable them to cope under high blood pressure.

Arteries always transport blood away from the heart.

58
Q

What are veins?

A

Veins are the second largest of the blood vessel family. They transport deoxygenated blood (apart from the pulmonary vein).

Veins always carry blood towards the heart.

They have thinner walls than arteries as the blood is less high pressure.

59
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Narrowest and thinnest blood vessels in the body and saturate literally every living tissue.

They are the site where all gaseous exchanges take place, as they are only one cell thick.

Regular exercise promotes the growth and development of the capillary network.

60
Q

Why do veins contain 1 way valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood.

61
Q

What is artery disease?

A

Is a condition which primarily affects the arteries. It is a form of cardiovascular disease.

Occurs when fatty deposits form in the blood from cholesterol and other waste products. The build up of these makes the arteries narrower and restricts their blood flow.

This is called ‘atherosclerosis’.

62
Q

What are the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?

A 
Smoking
Diabetes
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Age
Gender (men at greater risk)
63
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

The artery becomes thicker, harder and denser, losing its ability to stretch. Risk factors the same as with atherosclerosis.

64
Q

What is plasma?

A

Makes up approx 55% of the blood volume and contains salts, hormones and fats

65
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Produced in the marrow of the bone, they are responsible for the transportation of oxygen. Red blood also contains haemoglobin.

66
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are used to fight infection and bacteria within the body. Important part of the immune system.

67
Q

What are haemoglobin?

A

Made from protein, this structure is found within red blood cells and is the primary carrier of oxygen in the blood.

Each haemoglobin molecule is capable of transporting four molecules of oxygen.

68
Q

What is venous return?

A

The one way valves located in the veins are assisted in the task of returning blood back to the heart by the action of the skeletal muscles. Muscle tissue surrounding the vein compresses the external wall and assists in return of blood to heart, against gravity.

This is venous return.

69
Q

What is blood pooling?

A

Without the action of the skeletal muscles, blood would accumulate in the lower region of the body, starving the heart and brain of oxygen. This results in dizziness and loss of consciousness.

This is blood pooling.

70
Q

During cardiovascular exercise, why is it important to gradually reduce the exercise intensity?

A

It enables the arteries to have time to constrict and reduce blood flow to the active area.

71
Q

What are the 7 cardiorespiratory responses to exercise?

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Increased blood pressure
  3. Increased stroke volume
  4. Increased cardiac output
  5. Dilation of the arteries
  6. Increased tidal volume (achieved through increased breathing rate and depth)
  7. Increased body temperature
72
Q

What are 11 cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise?

A
  1. A reduced resting heart rate
  2. Reduced blood pressure
  3. Cardiac hypertrophy, particularly on left side
  4. Increased stroke volume
  5. Increased breathing efficiency
  6. More capillaries around alveoli and active muscles
  7. Increased size and number of alveoli
  8. Increased blood plasma volume
  9. Increased concentration of haemoglobin
  10. Reduced cholesterol
  11. Increased strength of respiratory muscles
73
Q

What are 7 of the more common forms of heart disease?

A
  1. High blood pressure
  2. High cholesterol
  3. Hardening of the arteries
  4. Narrowing of the arteries
  5. Congestive heart failure
  6. Angina
  7. Stroke
74
Q

What is the single most preventable cause of premature death, particularly in developed countries?

A

Heart disease

75
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary risk factors, in developing heart disease?

A

Primary risk factors are those which pose the greatest risk to health and secondary are considered to be less potent.

When combined, they can both have a devastating impact.

76
Q

What are 5 primary risk factors of heart disease?

A
  1. Hereditary factors - children are more likely to develop it if their parents had it
  2. Gender - men are at greater risk
  3. Age - 83% of people who die from coronary heart disease are 65+
  4. High blood pressure - this increases the hearts work load, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer
  5. Smoking - smokers risk is 2-4 times higher than non smokers
77
Q

What are 5 secondary risk factors of developing heart disease?

A
  1. Physical inactivity
  2. Obesity and overweight
  3. Diabetes
  4. Stress (people tend to over eat, smoke, drink)
  5. Alcohol (raises blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke)

Anatomy Test (4 decks)

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