Chapter 2 - The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones is the skeletal system comprised of?
A
206
2
Q
Give the 5 functions of the skeleton.
A
- Movement - via a series of joints the muscular system interacts with the skeletal system to produce movement.
- Shape
- Protection - protects the vital organs by creating cavities and cages. Ribs protects cardiorespiratory organs. Pelvis protects reproductive and digestive organs. Spine protects spinal cord and skull, the brain.
- Storage - large storage reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus. Calcium keeps bones and teeth healthy and used in energy releasing reactions. Phosphorous plays an important role in these functions and forms part of the membrane in every cell in the body.
- Production - skeleton is a living, breathing and active tissue area. It produces red blood cells.
3
Q
What does the axial skeleton form?
A
The central component of the skeletal system. Made from the vertebrae, ribs, sternum and skull. Protects organs.
4
Q
What does the appendicular skeleton form?
A
All three peripheral bones of the pelvis, scapulae, arms and legs. Generate and control movement across joints using its bones as levers.
5
Q
Where is the ‘orbit’ in the anterior skeleton?
A
Eyes.
6
Q
What is the mandible?
A
Jaw bone.
7
Q
What is the clavicle?
A
Collar bone.
8
Q
Where is the sternum?
A
Middle of the body, middle of ribs. Chest.
9
Q
Which bone is the radius?
A
Lower arm (below elbow)
10
Q
What is the pelvic girdle?
A
Top and bottom of pelvis.
11
Q
Where is the ilium?
A
Middle of pelvis.
12
Q
What are phalanges?
A
Fingers.
13
Q
Where are the carpals?
A
Wrist
14
Q
Where is the femur?
A
Thigh
15
Q
What is the patella?
A
Knee
16
Q
Where is the tibia?
A
Shin
17
Q
What are the metatarsals?
A
Bones in foot (toes are also phalanges!)
18
Q
What is the cranium?
A
Skull
19
Q
Where are the scapula?
A
Shoulder blades
20
Q
Where is the humerus?
A
Back of the upper arm
21
Q
Where is the ischium?
A
Bottom of pelvis at back of body
22
Q
Where is the iliac crest?
A
Top of pelvis at back.
23
Q
What are the three body types?
A
Mesomorph, ectomorph and endomorph
24
Q
What is ossification?
A
Term used to describe the process of bone growth and development from infant to adult.
25
What is the 'epiphyseal growth plate'?
At birth the infant bone is primarily composed of cartilage. During development, calcium is added to the junction between the epiphysis and diaphysis of the bone. This is the above.
26
What is ossification regulated by?
Activity of two cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are largely responsible for bone formation and deposit calcium in to the bone. Osteoclasts remove calcium, normally for metabolic purposes, and therefore reduce bone density. In a healthy adult the activity of both is constant. In a growing child or teen, the activity of osteoblasts is normally greater.
27
What is osteoporosis and what causes it?
When the activity of octeoclasts exceeds that of the octeoblasts, the bone loses density and becomes more porous and prone to fractures. This is when someone has osteoporosis.
28
Give the four osteoporosis risk factors.
1. Age - particularly in pose menopausal women as oestrogen helps to maintain bone density
2. Inactivity - or a lack of weight bearing exercise.
3. Pregnancy - hormone changes increase risk
4. Diet - the skeleton contains more than 99% of the bodies calcium stores. Inadequate calcium intake will restrict bone growth and maintenance.
29
How many mg of calcium does an adult need daily?
1000mg
30
How can exercise help osteoporosis?
Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density. When the level and type of exercise is combined with a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, bone density increases. Exercise must be weight bearing in nature. Swimming would not help.
31
What is osteoarthritis?
Degeneration of the articular cartilage, usually due to wear and tear. Cartilage becomes thinner and rougher, which makes joint movement painful.
32
What does the body do to compensate for the loss of bone and cartilage, in people with osteoarthritis?
Forms new bone mass (osteophytes) on the ends of the bone. This changes the structure of the synovial joint, creating more pain and often deformity.
33
What are the six risk factors for osteoarthritis?
Age, gender, family history, being overweight, repetitive work/sporting actions and smoking.
34
What are the four primary types of bone found in the human body?
1. Long bones and Short bones
2. Flat bones
3. Irregular bones
4. Sesamoid bones
35
Explain what long bones are with examples.
They act as levers and are generally found where a long range of movement is required.
The femur and humerus are good examples.
36
What are short bones and examples?
Located in areas where fine and precise movement is required. These bones have less strength than long bones. Eg. Carpals and tarsals
37
What are flat bones with examples.
Serve as attachment sites for skeletal muscles and as protectors of the body's vital organs. Cranium, pelvis, scapula and ribs are examples.
38
What are irregular bones with examples.
Located in the spine and face. Protects vital organs and support surrounding structures. It is the irregular bones in the face that give us our features.
39
What are the sesamoid bones with examples.
Bones that resemble the shape of a sesame seed and are usually embedded with a tendon. Examples are the patella and those in the hands and feet.
40
What is the diaphysis?
Structure of the long bone. Strongest part of the bone and made from compact bone. Covered with a hard and fibrous outer layer.
41
What is the epiphysis?
Part of structure of the long bone. End of the bone and made from spongy, cancellous bone. It is much lighter but this reduces its strength, making it prone to fractures.
42
What is the periosteum?
Part of the long bone. Outer, hard protective casing of the bone and provides attachment sites for the muscles. This is largely composed of dense, compact bone that has much greater tensile strength.
43
What is the articular cartilage?
Smooth and glossy tissue that furnishes the ends of the bones and ensures that smooth movement occurs. Cartilage is also able to soak up synovial fluids which assists in shock absorption.
44
What is the medullary cavity?
Within the central component of the long bone is this cavity. It comprises of yellow bone marrow.
45
Name the three types of joints.
1. Fused, fibrous or immovable joints
2. Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints
3. Freely movable or synovial joints
46
Give an example of an area where there is an immovable joint.
Skull, sacrum and coccyx
47
Give an example of where there is a slightly moveable joint?
Joints between sternum and ribs, between each vertebra of the spine and between the right and left side of the pelvis. Small ranges of movement.
48
What are the six types of synovial joints?
1. Hinge
2. Ball and socket
3. Pivot
4. Gliding
5. Condyloid
6. Saddle
49
Give an example of where there is a hinge synovial joint?
Knee and elbow. Only permits flexion and extension.
50
Where is there a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder and hip joints. Permits more movement.
51
Where would you find pivot synovial joints?
Joints between radius and ulna and between cervical spine and cranium.
52
Where would you find a gliding joint?
Shoulder girdle.
53
Where would you find a condyloid joint?
Wrists and feet.
54
Where would you find a saddle joint?
Not very common but at base of thumb is one.
55
Synovial joints all contain...?
Ligaments, tendons, joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane and synovial fluid.
56
What is the function of a ligament?
Connect the two bones of the joint together and prevent unwanted movement. They are slow to heal if damaged, largely due to a limited blood supply.
57
What is the function of tendons?
Located at ends of the muscle. Attach the muscle on one side of a joint to the bone on the other side.
58
What is the joint capsule?
Made from dense, elastic, irregular collagen tissue (connective tissue) and provides the space between the bones.
59
What is the articular cartilage?
Thick, firm and glossy material that furnishes the articulating surfaces of a joint and ensures smooth, unrestricted movement. Absorbs shock by soaking up the synovial fluid to make its texture more flexible and spongy.
60
What is the synovial membrane?
This structure lines the inside of the joint capsule and is responsible for the production of synovial fluid.
61
What is synovial fluid?
Thick, sticky fluid similar to that of an egg white. Acts as lubricant within the joint. Vital nutrients that nourish the cartilage and surrounding structures.
62
Summarise the flexion movement
Bending type movements
63
Summarise the extension movement
Straightening type movement
64
Explain horizontal flexion movement
Reducing the inside angle of a joint with movement in a horizontal anatomical plane
65
Explain the horizontal extension movement
Increasing the inside angle of a joint with movement in a horizontal anatomical plane
66
Explain the lateral flexion movement
Flexing the lateral aspect of the body, like in side bending movement
67
Explain the abduction movement
Movement away from midline eg. Stepping to side
68
Explain the adduction movement
Movement towards midline eg. Stepping feet together
69
Explain the rotation movement
Circular movement in which two bones rotate around each other in a pivot like fashion
70
Explain the circumduction movement
Circular movement in a cone like shape
71
Explain the pronation movement
Joint movement resulting in body part facing the ground
72
Explain the supination movement
Joint movement resulting in body part facing upwards
73
Explain the elevation movement
Lifting the shoulder girdle towards the ears
74
Explain the depression movement
Pushing the shoulder girdle down towards the hips
75
Explain the plantar flexion movement
Increasing the angle on the front aspect of the ankle joint eg. Pointing toes
76
Explain the Dorsi flexion movement
Decreasing the angle on the front aspect of ankle join eg. Pulling toes back
77
What is the inversion movement
Twisting the ankle in towards the midline while lifting the big toe
78
What is the eversion movement
Twisting the ankle out and away from the midline while lifting the little toe
79
In which order are the vertebral sections of the spine sequenced? (There are 5)
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx
Come to London shopping centre.
80
What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
Provide stiffness and stability in the spine by maintaining tension in the spinal ligaments. They also absorb shock.
81
Give examples of things that cause bad posture.
Poor standing, sitting, poor nutrition, inactivity, illness, heels, repetitive actions and self esteem.
82
Which exercises afford the greatest benefits to posture?
Resistance training, stretching and core work.
83
What health problems can poor posture cause?
Headaches, back pain, neck pain, breathing problems, reduced circulation, muscle imbalance, reduced joint stability.
84
What is the neutral spine?
Optimal spinal position. Ensures all four curves of the spine are maintained.
85
How do you adopt a neutral spine?
1. Tilt pelvis by lifting the tailbone upwards
2. Tilt the pelvis by tucking the tailbone underneath the hips
3. Find the middle of this range. This is neutral spine.
86
What are the three most common postural disorders?
Lordosis - curving of lumbar vertebrae
Kyphosis - curving of thoracic vertebrae
Scoliosis - defined as excessive rotational and lateral curvature of the spine
