chapter 4 study guide Flashcards
parts of an atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
what charge do protons have
positive
what charge do neutrons have
0
what charge do electrons have
negative
what particle has very little mass
electron
protons do what?
determine the identity
electrons do what?
responsible for reactivity
neutrons do what?
hold the nucleus together
atomic number
of protons
valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell
when charge increase by 2 the force?
increases by 2 also
when distance increases by 2 the force?
decreases by 1/4 also
distance and force have a
indirect relationship
charge and force have a
direct relationship
distance varaible
r squared
why does more electrons mean less attraction
the electrons repel eachother
polar covalent bonds
shared valence electrons are shared unequally
nonpolar covalent bonds
shared valence electrons are shared equally
ionic bonds
electrons are transferred
electronegativity
the measure of how strongly atoms sttarct new bonding electrons
chlorine and carbon bond type?
polar covalent
chlorine and chlorine bond type?
covalent
chlorine and potassium bond type?
ionic
large differences in EN
ionic bonds
smaller differences in EN
covalent bonds
polar molecule
must contain a polar bond and be asymmetrical (partial charges)
dipole
shows where the electrons are being pulled
hydrogen bonds
most permanet, must contain O-H, N-H, F-H, highest differences in charge
london disperion forces
can happen between any two atoms
intermolecular
between two molecules
intramolcular
within two molecules
cohesion
H bonding between water molecules
adhesion
H bonding between water and other substances
solvent
substance that dissolves other substances
specifc heat
the amount of energy it takes for 1 gram to heat up by 1 degree C
heat of vaporization
energy it takes to evaporate water
what bonds break to allow evapoaztion
hydrogen bonds
is ice more or less dense than liquid water
less
why does surface ice insulate the water below
its less dense than the liquid water
