Chapter 4: Study Guide Flashcards
Tissue 
Used to describe a group of cells found together in the body
List the four tissue types
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. 
Epithelial tissue
Sheets of cells, covering exterior surfaces, they line internal cavities/passageways form certain glands
Connective tissue
Binds the cells/organs of the body together, protects, supports, and binds all body parts
Muscle tissue
Excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement
Nervous tissue
Excitable, allows for wide distribution of electro chemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body
Describe connective tissue membranes
Formed from connective tissue
Encapsulates organs
Line our movable joints
Synovial= type of connective membrane

List, three types of epithelial membranes, and their locations
Mucus, inside nose, mouth, and lungs protects the inside of the body
Serous, lines, body cavities and cover organs in those cavities. Lungs heart/blood vessels and abdominal cavity.
Cutaneous, the skin rest on top of connective tissue stratified squamous epithelial
Describe the locations of the six serous membranes
Parietal Pleura- lines, thoracic cavity
Visceral plural - covers the surface of the lungs
Parietal pericardium- sack of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart
Visceral pericardium- innermost layer directly covers the heart ( epicardium )
Parietal Peritoneum- lines wall of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum - lines, the abdominal organs; stomach liver, spleen, small/large intestines
Describe epithelial, tissue, structure and characteristics
Cells that are tightly packed, sheets of cells that cover exterior services of the body, line internal cavity/passageways, form certain glands
Endothelium, ectotherm, and mesoderm
Simple, epithelial tissue
Only one layer of cells
Stratified epithelial tissue
More than one layer of cells; several stacks
Squamous epithelial tissue
Flat/thin
Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Boxy/wide as it is tall
Columnar epithelial tissue
Rectangular/taller than it is wide
Simple, squamous, and its location
Thin, scaled, flat, horizontal, single layer, and tightly packed cells
Allows for diffusion/filtration
Found in blood vessels, endothelium, air sacs, in lungs (alveoli), and kidneys
Simple, cuboidal, and its location
Single layer, cube shaped/spherical nuclei
Allows for secretions/absorption/exchange of materials
Found in small ducts of glands (salivary/pancreas) ; kidney tubules ( absorption ) ; secretions in urine
Simple, columnar, and its location
Narrow, tall, elongated nuclei
Can be cililated/non
Absorption/secretion
Found in small/large intestines and respiratory tract
Pseudostratified and its location
False appearance of multiple tissues; but it actually has a single layer of cells
Varies in height and can have movement of mucus
Found in airways in lungs and the trachea
Stratified, squamous, and it’s location
Multiple layers, flat, scale, tightly packed
Protection against mechanical stress
Forms barrier to prevent damage/infection
Found in epidermidis, lines, mouth, esophagus, and vaginal canal
Stratified, cuboidal, and it location
Multiple layers, cube
Provides protective barrier in areas subjected to stress
Location is in the ducts of exocrine glands
(Sweat and mammary)
Stratified columnar and its location
Multiple layers, tall, elongated
Provides protection and is rare in human body
Found in male urethra
Transitional tissue and its location
Different shape, multiple layers
Found only in urinary system
Shape allows for expansion/contraction
Tissue elasticity helps adapt to volume (urine)
Endocrine gland
Ductless, releases, secretion, directly into surrounding tissue/fluids
Exocrine gland
Secretion leaves through a duct that opens directly/indirectly to external environment
Describe the characteristics of connective tissue and list its functions
Most diverse, connect tissues/organs, and dispersed in a matrix
Functions include support, protection, the transport of fluids, nutrients and waste, insulation, repair and heal, etc.
Describe the three main fiber types, produced by fiber blast
1.) collagen- most abundant, strongest, link together, forms, long, straight fibers. It is flexible it gives ligaments/tendon strength, holds connective tissue together during body movement.
2.) elastic- composed of elastin; stretches, and returns to original shape.
3.) reticular- thin/delicate, branch like; found mostly in liver and spleen, provide support and anchor cells.
Name all 11 connective tissues
Adipose
Areolar
Reticular
Dense regular connective
Dense, irregular connective
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Bone
Blood
Lymph
Adipose connective tissue
Storage of energy, fat salts, can be released/metabolized when body needs energy
Provides insulation, cushion/protection by surrounding vital organs and protecting them from mechanical shock
Secretes, hormones to regulate metabolism, appetite and inflammation
White adipose- most abundant; can appear yellow. It protects the kidneys and cushions back of the eye.
Brown adipose- common in babies thermogenic
Areolar connective tissue
Loose/flexible found beneath the skin surrounding organs/mucus membranes
Contains immune system cells- fiberblast, microphages
Random weblike of blood vessels
Found in hypodermis
Reticular connective tissue
Little net, fine, branching, fibers, form, supportive framework
Spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
Filters/support blood cells/immune cells
Dense regular connective tissue
Packed parallel fibers of collagen
Strength/support; found in structures that require resistance to tension; found in tendons and ligaments
Dense, irregular connective tissue
Packed collagen, fibers; arranged, irregularly, and multiple directions
Strength and support in various directions found in the dermis, liver , and spleen
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth/glassy appearance; collagen, fibers in rubbery matrix; most common
Support, strong, flexible
Reduces friction between bones
Fibrocartilage
Tough, thick bundles of fibers
Strength/shock absorption
Found in invertebral disc
Elastic cartilage
Elastic fiber; flexible, resilient
Elasticity, found in external ears
Bone
Sponge like, hardest, protection, support body
Contains hydroxyapatite ( calcium phosphate )
Osteocytes located in lacunae
Can recover in short period of time
Blood
Found in circulatory system
Cells circulate in the matrix
Red blood cells, transport oxygen
White blood cells defend against harmful molecules
Platelets aid in blood clotting
Lymph
Liquid matrix and white blood cells
Lymph capillaries= highly permeable
Eventually returns to bloodstream
Found in spleen, appendix, and tonsils
Describe the three types of muscle tissue and locations
1.) skeletal muscle- long, cylindrical, fiber; outer edge, nuclei
Voluntary movement, produces heat/protects organs, and entrance points, such as mouth and anus
2.) cardiac muscle- short branched, single, central nuclei
Contracts to pump blood; heart
3.) smooth muscle- short spindle, single nucleus, and each fiber; involuntary movements, moves food, moves, secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries
Found in walls of major Organs/passageways
