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Psychology 101 > Chapter 4- States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4- States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

everything of which we are aware at any given time- our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of the external environment.

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2
Q

What are altered states of consciousness?

A

Changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs.

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3
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Within each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors.

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4
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

A pair of tiny structures in the brain’s hypothalamus that control the timing of circadian rhythms; the biological clock.

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5
Q

What is the most significant environmental cue that impacts the circadian rhythm?

A

Bright light. Specialized cels int he retina at the back of each eye respond to the amount of light reaching the eye and relay this info via the optic nerve to the SCN. The SCN then signals the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone melatonin from dusk to dawn. Melatonin is only secreted at night and not during the day.

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6
Q

What is delayed seep phase syndrome (DSPS)?

A

The most common disturbance of circadian rhythms among adolescents and young adults. Individuals with this syndrome find it difficult to fall asleep before 3:00 AM.

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7
Q

What is advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS)?

A

Typically affects elderly individuals. Some individuals fall asleep at extraordinarily early times such as 6:00PM and wake at 3:00AM.

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8
Q

What is “sundowning”?

A

A tendency for Alzheimer’s patients to exhibit more symptoms of the disease in the afternoon and nighttime hours.

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9
Q

What are analyses of sleep recordings?

A

Polysomnograms.

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10
Q

What is the restorative theory of sleep?

A

The theory that the function of sleep is to restore body and mind. Being awake causes wear and tear on the body and the brain.

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11
Q

What is the circadian theory of sleep?

A

The theory that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harms’s way during the night; also known as the evolutionary theory.

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12
Q

What is NREM sleep?

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep, which consists of four sleep stages and is characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, little body movement, an absence of rapid eye movements, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at their 24-hour low points.

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13
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

A type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams. Constitutes as 20-25% of a normal night’s sleep in adults.

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14
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

Individuals are not paralyzed during REM sleep. They consequently become violent, causing injury to themselves and their bed mates.

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15
Q

What is a sleep cycle?

A

A period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep. Each sleep cycle lasts 90 minutes.

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16
Q

What does the sleep cycle start with?

A

Drowsiness. Sleepiness increases as alpha waves become more frequent than beta waves.

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17
Q

What is stage one of the sleep cycle?

A

The sleeper transitions from waking to sleeping; irregular waves with occasional alpha waves.

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18
Q

What is stage two of the sleep cycle?

A

Transition from lighter to deeper sleep; sleep spindles appear.

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19
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Sleep Stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity.

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20
Q

What is stage three of the sleep cycle?

A

Deeper sleep; slow-wave sleep begins when EEG shows 20% of waves are delta waves

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21
Q

What is slow-wave sleep?

A

Deep sleep; associated with Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep.

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22
Q

What is stage four of the sleep cycle?

A

Deepest sleep; Stage 4 sleep begins when 50% of waves are delta waves; about 40 minutes later, the delta waves disappear.

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23
Q

What is return to stage one of the sleep cycle?

A

Transition from deepest (Stage 4) through moderately deep (Stage 3) to light sleep (Stage 2) to sleep-wake transition (Stage 1) take place rapidly.

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24
Q

What is Stage 4 sleep?

A

The deepest stage of NREM sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50% delta waves.

25
Q

What is REM period?

A

Shortly after the sleeper returns to Stage 1, REM period beings; sleeper may be easily awakened before and after REM period.

26
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

The increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation; often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares.

27
Q

What are microsleeps?

A

Brief lapses (2 to 3 seconds long) from wakefulness into sleep; usually occurring when a person has been sleep-deprived.

28
Q

What are parasomniacs?

A

Sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping.

29
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Sleepwalking. Occurs when partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep in which the sleeper does not come to full consciousness.

30
Q

What are sleep terrors?

A

Also happens during partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep. Usually begins with a piercing scream. Springs up in a state of panic-eyes open, perspiring, breathing rapidly, with heart pounding at 2 or more times the normal rate. Episodes last 5-15 minutes and the person falls back to sleep.Often indicate extreme anxiety.

31
Q

What are nightmares?

A

Very frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and are likely to be remembered in vivid detail.

32
Q

What is somniloquy?

A

Sleeptalking. Can occur in any sleep stage and is more frequent in children than adults.

33
Q

What are dyssomniacs?

A

A category of sleep disorders in which timing, quantity, or quality of sleep is impaired.

34
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

An incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep, usually lasting about 10-20 minutes.

35
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

A sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe.

36
Q

What is insomnia?

A

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, by waking too early, or by sleep that is light, restless, or poor quality.

37
Q

What are REM dreams?

A

Dreams that occur almost continuously during each REM period and have storylike quality; typically more vivid, visual, and emotional than NREM dreams.

38
Q

What are NREM dreams?

A

Dreams occurring during NREM sleep that are typically less frequent and memorable than REM dreams.

39
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

Dreams than individual is aware of dreaming and whose content the individual is often able to influence while the dream is in progress.

40
Q

What is manifest content?

A

Freud’s term for the content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer.

41
Q

What is latent content?

A

Freud’s term for the underlying meaning of a dream.

42
Q

What is cognitive theory of dreaming?

A

The view that dreaming is thinking while sleep.

43
Q

What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

A

The hypothesis that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep.

44
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of dreaming?

A

The view that vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse skills needed to fend off predators.

45
Q

What is meditation?

A

A group of techniques that involves focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or one’s body movements in order to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness.

46
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A procedure through one person, the hypnotist, uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject.

47
Q

What is the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis?

A

A theory suggesting that behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person’s expectations about how subjects behave after hypnosis.

48
Q

What is the neodissocation theory of hypnosis?

A

A theory proposing that hypnosis induces a split, or dissociation, between two aspects of the control of consciousness; the planning function and the monitoring function. Proposed by Ernest Hilgard.

49
Q

What is the theory of dissociated control?

A

The theory that hypnosis is an authentic altered state of consciousness in which the control of the executive function extorts over other subsystems of consciousness is weakened. Proposed by Bowers.

50
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A

Any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought; called a controlled substance if approved for medical use.

51
Q

What are stimulants?

A

A category of drugs that speeds up activity in the central nervous system, suppresses appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic. Also called “uppers.”

52
Q

What are depressants?

A

A category of drugs that decreases activity in the central nervous system, slows down bodily functions, and reduces sensitivity to outside stimulation; also called “downers”

53
Q

What are narcotics?

A

A class of dependent drugs derived from the opium poppy that produces both pain-relieving and calming effects.

54
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

A category of drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and space, alter mood, produce feelings of unreality, and cause hallucinations; also called psychedelics.

55
Q

What is physical drug dependence?

A

A compulsive pattern of drug use in which the suer develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued.

56
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

A condition in which the user becomes progressively less afted by the drug and must take larger and larger does to maintain the same effect or high.

57
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

The physical and psychological symptoms (usually the exact opposite of the effects produced by the drug) that occur when a regularly used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again.

58
Q

What is a psychological drug dependence?

A

A craving or irresistible urge for a drug’s pleasurable effects.

Psychology 101 (6 decks)

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