chapter 4: stages of skill acquisition

Question 1

what is the mountain of motor development

Answer 1

-separate periods are defined in which typical patterns of motor skill development occur

Question 2

mountain of motor development periods

Answer 2

prenatal, reflective, preadapted, fundamental motor patterns, context specific motor skills, skillfullness

Question 3

prenatal period

Answer 3

• before birth

- environmental influences that can affect development of baby before its born

Question 4

reflective period

Answer 4

• birth to 2 weeks
• grasping, sucking, stepping reflexes
• movements are reflective as infant adjusts to sensory changes

Question 5

preadapted period

Answer 5

• 2 weeks to 1 year
• roll over, sits alone, walks
• start acting with environment through goal directed movements

Question 6

fundamental motor patters

Answer 6

• ages 1-7
• locomotor skill progressions (jumping, running, hopping)
• when infant can walk and self feed
• pass proficiency barrier where they have exceeded a threshold of motor skill proficiency and will begin to move to more sport specific skills

Question 7

context specific motor skills

Answer 7

-ages 7-11

Question 8

skillfulness

Answer 8

• 11 and up

- skillfulness in one area does not apply to other areas

Question 9

fitts and posners learning stages

Answer 9

-cognitive, associative, and autonomous`

Question 10

cognitive stage

Answer 10

• goal is to understand the basic components of the movement
• requires considerable mental activity
• choppy movements that are uncoordinated
• self talk, learning movement patterns, inconsistency, drastic improvements
• largest gains

Question 11

associative

Answer 11

• goal is now learning to solve and refine the movement
• gradual improvements, more consistency, focus on correcting errors
• can attend to other sources of information
• role of instructor is to design practice sessions

Question 12

autonomous stage

Answer 12

• requires practice for long time
• movement can be performed without much effort
• consistently perform well
• fine tuning movements

Question 13

Bernstein’s learning stages

Answer 13

• step 1: freezing the limbs
• step 2: releasing the limbs
• step 3: exploitation of the environment

Question 14

step 1: freezing the limbs

Answer 14

• eliminating some degrees of freedom to simplify the movement
• joints are stuff, low adaptability
• require fewer joints

Question 15

step 2: releasing the limbs

Answer 15

• gradually release constraints on degrees of freedom
• movement is more fluid, proficiency increases degrees of freedom
• smoother and more controlled movement as degrees of freedom are released

Question 16

step 3: exploiting the environment

Answer 16

• continues to release all degrees of freedom
• maximizes muscle efficiency
• can exploit factors such as inertia and gravity
• considered experts

Question 17

gentiles learning stages

Answer 17

• two stage model that describes nature of movement and provides instructional strategies for each one
• stage 1:getting the idea of the movement
• stage 2: fixation and diversification

Question 18

stage 1: getting the idea of the movement

Answer 18

• understand basic coordination pattern
• regulatory (relevant) vs nonregulatory (not relevant) conditions
• emphasis of the basics of the movement pattern

Question 19

stage 2: fixation and diversification stage

Answer 19

• refining movement pattern and maintaining consistent performance
• fixation: not changing regulatory conditions; closed skills where goal is consistency to allow learners to consistently produce a movement pattern
• diversification: open skills; goal is to adapt to changing environment

Question 20

evidence for bersteins

Answer 20

• removing degrees of freedoms gives learner more control over movement
• degrees of freedom can increase when confidence and familiarity increase

Question 21

evidence against berstein

Answer 21

• do not consider all factors influencing motor skill

- includes learners characteristics and environment