chapter 2: understanding movement control

Question 1

considerations for preparing a motor response

Answer 1

-sensory information, reaction time, attention, arousal

Question 2

reaction time

Answer 2

-time from initiation of stimuli to movement

Question 3

movement time

Answer 3

• beginning of movement to end of movement

- time from initiation of movement until it has been completed

Question 4

response time

Answer 4

-reaction time and movement time

-

Question 5

stimulus response alternatives

Answer 5

-simple reaction time, choice reaction time, hick’s law

Question 6

simple reaction time

Answer 6

-one stimuli

Question 7

choice reaction time

Answer 7

-multiple stimuli

Question 8

Hick’s law

Answer 8

• how we can predict or anticipate a stimulus to improve reaction time
• as number of choices increases, reaction time increases

Question 9

psychological refractory period

Answer 9

-processing a response to first stimulus always delays the ability to process a response to the second stimulus

Question 10

types of attention

Answer 10

-includes capacity, selectivity, focus

Question 11

capacity

Answer 11

-limit to attention

Question 12

-selective attention

Answer 12

• we attend to relevant stimuli and block out irrelevant stimuli
• cocktail party affect

Question 13

focus

Answer 13

-can be narrow, broad, external, internal

Question 14

theories of attentional capacities

Answer 14

• single channel filter theories
• multiple resource theories
• central resource capacity

Question 15

single channel filter theories

Answer 15

-one task at a time in serial order with simpler tasks completed first

Question 16

multiple resource theories

Answer 16

• all tasks have a specific capacity and when capacity for one task is exceeded, it compromises the other tasks
• Attention mechanisms that each have limited capacity are associated with which theory of attention?

Question 17

central resource theory

Answer 17

• person can evaluate tasks and determine if they can be done at the same time
• is flexible depending on task, person, and situation

Question 18

focuses of attention

Answer 18

• direction

- width

Question 19

types of direction (focus of attention)

Answer 19

• internal (within)

- external (environment)

Question 20

types of width (focus of attention)

Answer 20

• narrow

- broad

Question 21

arousal vs. anxiety

Answer 21

• arousal : general physiological and psychological activation, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
• anxiety: nervousness, worry, and apprehension associated with activation or arousal

Question 22

state anxiety vs trait anxiety

Answer 22

• state anxiety: one time in specific situation

- trait anxiety : part of personality

Question 23

inverted U hypothesis

Answer 23

-performance tends to increase as arousal increases but only to a certain point ; once arousal surpasses the individuals optimal arousal level, performance tends to drop off

Question 24

exteroception

Answer 24

• provides information about the external environment related to the body
• vision and audition

Question 25

proprioception

Answer 25

-information about the state of the body itself, including sense of movement and relationship of body parts to one another

Question 26

examples of proprioception

Answer 26

-vestibular apparatus, joint receptors, cutaneous receptors, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

Question 27

memory

Answer 27

• ability to recall things

- short term, long term, working

Question 28

short term memory

Answer 28

-stored only for 20-30 sec

Question 29

working memory

Answer 29

• temporarily stores recently presented material

- retrieves information from long term storage to influence problem solving, decision making, and movement production

Question 30

long term memory

Answer 30

-memories that are relatively permanent

Question 31

interference

Answer 31

-cannot do both activities without compromising one

Question 32

central limited capacity

Answer 32

• can only process certain amount of information at a time

- importance for automation of tasks

Question 33

external narrow focus

Answer 33

-fixating on the rim of the basket prior to executing the throw

Question 34

external broad focus

Answer 34

=scanning crowd, opponents, and teammates while standing at line

Question 35

internal narrow focus

Answer 35

-visualizing proper execution of free throe

Question 36

internal broad

Answer 36

-rehearsing game strategy if free throw is missed

Question 37

cue utilization hypothesis

Answer 37

• under optimal arousal, person can attend to important stimuli and block out unimportant stimuli-
• at high arousal, persons focus is too narrow
• at low arousal, persons focus is too broad