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CIE IGCSE Physical Education > Chapter 4 - Social, cultural and ethical influences > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Social, cultural and ethical influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of leisure time?

A

Leisure time is time spent away from work and free from obligations

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2
Q

What is the definition of physical recreation?

A

Physical recreation is a physical activity or pastime that promotes health, relaxation and enjoyment

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3
Q

What is the definition of play?

A

Play is to take part in a sport or activity for enjoyment

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4
Q

What is the definition of sport?

A

Sport is an activity that involves physical exertion and skill, either as an individual or as part of a team competing against another person or team

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5
Q

What are the eight factors that influence what recreational activities people will do in leisure time?

A

Age, interests, social circumstances, family influences, peer influences, facilities available, area where you live

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6
Q

What are the eight factors that influence growth in leisure activities?

A

Increase in leisure time, advances in technology, improvements in healthcare, better health awareness, more leisure facilities, reduced cost of equipment, improvements in travel methods, wider media coverage

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7
Q

What are the four stages of the sports development pyramid?

A

Stage 1 - Foundation stage
Stage 2 - Participation stage
Stage 3 - Performance stage
Stage 4 - Elite stage

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the foundation stage in the sports development pyramid?

A

Foundation stage is the base of the pyramid, the first stage at which people come into contact with sports. In any sport, the largest number of people taking part will be at this level. The foundation stage consists of beginners and younger people, involves mass participation, is about recreation and having fun, learning and developing basic skills such as running or throwing and is found at school age in PE lessons or in ‘mini sports’ activities.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the participation stage in the sports development pyramid?

A

Participation stage is all about the enjoyment factor of playing sports. This level is about taking part in organized sporting activities at clubs or leisure centers, being with friends and like-minded individuals who are there to enjoy playing sport and having a more structured environment that the foundation stage.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the performance stage in the sports development pyramid?

A

Performance stage is about competition. There may be lower-level performers taking part in competitive sports but by now the performers tend to have a higher level of ability to perform key skills needed for the sport. At the performance stage the focus is on developing the level of performance towards the elite level, participants will concentrate on one or two sports and develop specific skills, training and competition becomes more regular and more important and the emphasis is more on being a professional and less about just having fun.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the elite stage in the sports development pyramid?

A

Elite stage is the pinnacle of the pyramid and involved performers at the highest level. The pyramid is at its narrowest at this point as very few people reach this level. At the elite stage performers now move from regional teams to national teams, governing bodies are responsible for the performers development, high levels of support are given to prepare the performers both physically and mentally through coaching, medical care, equipment, diet and mentoring, performers lead a lifestyle designed to maintain high level of fitness meaning sacrifices are required as their lifestyle is centered around performing and competition and performers are most likely professional.

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12
Q

What is the definition of sponsorship?

A

Sponsorship is the support given to a sport, sports event or organization by an outside body of person for the mutual benefit for both parties.

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13
Q

What are the three main forms of sponsorship?

A

Financial support, clothing/footwear/equipment and provision of specialist facilities

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14
Q

What is financial support as a form of sponsorship?

A

Financial support means funding from the sponsor can help to pay for the daily living and training costs of performers. In return, the performers will need to promote the business by wearing branded sportswear during competitions or at public functions.

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15
Q

What is clothing, footwear or equipment as a form of sponsorship?

A

Clothing, footwear and equipment for example, Nike provides Barcelona with all of their best kits and equipment. The team does not pay for any of this. In return, Nike will receive huge public exposure and support from the club players and officials at events.

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16
Q

What is the provision of specialist facilities as a form of sponsorship?

A

Provisions of specialist facilities during the 2012 Olympics, O2 arena in London was renamed the north Greenwich area to host the tennis competition, it has now returned to the o2 brand and will continue to gain further finance from other competitions.

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17
Q

What are three advantages of sponsorship to a performer or a team?

A

Funding allows athletes to train and compete full time. Performers receive the best clothing and equipment. Athletes have the chance to become very wealthy through sponsorship.

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18
Q

What are three disadvantages of sponsorship to a performer or a team?

A

Support may be withdrawn if an athlete’s image is damaged. Sponsors may go bankrupt and withdraw funding. Athletes need to perform extra duties, affecting their training schedule.

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19
Q

What are three advantages of sponsorship to a sponsor?

A

Being linked to success can raise the sponsor’s profile. Displaying the brand helps to increase sales and revenue through advertising. Sponsorship money is generally not taxed.

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20
Q

What is a disadvantages of sponsorship to a sponsor?

A

Negative role models could damage the sponsor’s image. E.g. Lance Armstrong was convicted of using performance enhancing drugs.

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21
Q

What are two advantages of sponsorship to a sport or event?

A

Funding is used to improve coaching and training facilities. Sponsorship money may be used to fund community schemes, leading to an increase in participation.

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22
Q

What are two disadvantages of sponsorship to a sport or event?

A

Pressure from sponsors can lead to rule changes, which can affect the flow of the game. Minority sports may lose out as sponsors prefer high-profile sports.

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23
Q

What are two advantages of sponsorship to the audience and spectators?

A

Funding is used to improve spectator facilities, improving the viewing experience. Sponsors raise the sports profile, leading to an increase in media coverage, allowing supporters to watch from home.

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24
Q

What are two disadvantages of sponsorship to the audience and spectators?

A

Sponsorship deal with media companies may mean coverage changes from free to pay-per-view.
Timings of games may change as sponsors want prime time exposure.

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25
Q

What are the four types of media coverage?

A

Television, internet/social media, print and radio

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26
Q

What is television as a type of media coverage?

A

Television inlcuding non-subscription channels deliver sports to the audience. Funding for the BBC is via the licence fee and for other channels is via advertisement money. Channels can bid to show sports or those the government has ring fenced. Subscription channels such as satellite and cable services and pay to view channels have led to improved broadcasting.

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27
Q

What is internet and social media as a type of media coverage?

A

Internet and social media as the internet allows access to both broadcast and print media. It offers the audience up to date, accessible and varied information, as well as the means to look up past events and statistics. Websites provide information about athletes, sporting events and ticketing. Social media gives fans access to information and video footage from individual athletes, teams and sports events. Facebook, twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn invite people to share and connect with their idols.

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28
Q

What is print as a type of media coverage?

A

Print as newspapers are published daily or weekly with sports sections. There are sports focused newspapers. Magazines have general and specific information or articles on sport, interviews advice and insight into sport and different ranges of audience targeted depending on different sports.

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29
Q

What is radio as a type of media coverage?

A

Radio offers live coverage and bulletins with up-to-date information. Sports specific stations. Can be listened to while on the move. Allows people to interact and share opinions through phone ins and interviews.

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30
Q

What are three advantages of media coverage to the performer or team?

A

Media places the spotlight on performers, making it easier for them to attract sponsorship. Media funding has led to increased wages and prize money. Media attention allows performers to develop their reputations, become role models and achieve fame.

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31
Q

What are two disadvantages of media coverage to a performer or team?

A

Exposure of athletes through the media can lead to a lack of privacy for the performer and their family. Media scrutiny means that comments and behavior can lead to fines and the loss of a sponsorship.

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32
Q

What are two advantages of media coverage to the sport or event?

A

Standards of performance improve as media funding is used to develop coaching and training facilities. Improved coverage has raised interest and awareness, inspiring more people to attend live events and participate themselves.

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33
Q

What are four disadvantages of media coverage to the sport or event?

A

People may choose to watch at home leading to reduced attendances at events and over exposure could lead to a loss of interest amongst supporters. Media feeds and obsessions with statistics and record which can distract from the skills of the sport. Minority sports receive less media attention and funding which affects participation and development. Sports may change format to suit media needs.

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34
Q

What are two advantages of media coverage to the audience and spectators?

A

Media funding may be used to develop spectator facilities or stadiums, leading to an improved viewing experience. Those watching from home benefit from a higher quality of broadcasting and receive insider knowledge from expert analysis.

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35
Q

What are two disadvantages of media coverage to the audience and spectators?

A

Pay per view channels are costly meaning many people cannot afford to follow the action. Event timings may be altered to suit media interests and not the players or the fans.

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36
Q

What is an advantages of hosting a global competition for stadiums and training facilities?

A

Improved sports facilities are built that can be used both before and after the competition.

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37
Q

What is a disadvantage of hosting a global competition for stadiums and training facilities?

A

Sports facilities can be a potential target for terrorists or those seeking to make their political views known.

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38
Q

What are two advantages of hosting a global competition for home advantage?

A

Hosting an event can give a country home advantage, with more spectators cheering home performers on. Performers also benefit from competing in a familiar environment and climate.

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39
Q

What is a disadvantage of hosting a global competition for home advantage?

A

Added pressure onto performers from home nations to do well.

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40
Q

What is an advantage of hosting a global competition for national pride?

A

Can create a buzz for the country’s residents, improving optimism and a sense of national pride.

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41
Q

What is a disadvantage of hosting a global competition for national pride?

A

If the home team does not perform well, that can lead to a lowering of morale and feelings of negativity and pessimism.

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42
Q

What are two advantages of hosting a global competition for tourism?

A

Increase in tourism with more visitors to the country, spending more money on hotels, food and so on. This can lead to improved status and awareness of the city or country.

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43
Q

What is a disadvantage of hosting a global competition for the economy and employment?

A

Risk of competition being poorly organised or not run effectively, which gives the country a poor image.

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43
Q

What are two disadvantages of hosting a global competition for tourism?

A

Increased tourism can put pressure on facilities. Tourists experience can also be negative and create bad publicity for the host nation.

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44
Q

What are two advantages of hosting a global competition for the economy and employment?

A

Good for the economy with financial benefits from visitors at the time of the competition and from those who visit afterwards. There is increased employment during the event.

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45
Q

What are two advantages of hosting a global competition for legacy implications?

A

Event offers a legacy, in terms of better facilities available both for elite training and community use. Increased interest can lead to more participation in sports.

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46
Q

What is a disadvantage of hosting a global competition for legacy implications?

A

If not managed properly, legacy benefits can quickly disappear

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47
Q

What is an advantage of hosting a global competition for infrastructure?

A

Improved infrastructure around the venues and main cities such as roads, railways and accommodation, offering long term benefits to the local society.

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48
Q

What are two disadvantages of hosting a global competition for infrastructure?

A

Huge financial cost of investing in infrastructure and sports facilities. Security concerns and the cost of added security.

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49
Q

What is an amateur?

A

An amateur is engaging in a sports pursuit on an unpaid basis.

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50
Q

What is a professional?

A

A professional performs in a sports activity as one’s main paid occupation, rather than a pastime.

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51
Q

What are five characteristics of a professional?

A

Sport is their job.
Professionals take part for money.
Winning is the main aim, as they can often receive more money when they win more.
Training and playing is their job, this is a full-time occupation to be ready to perform and be in prime condition to do so.
They perform where and when they are told to by clubs, managers, sponsors etc.

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52
Q

What are five characteristics of an amateur?

A

Sport is a leisure activity.
Amateurs take part for the enjoyment.
Taking part is more important than the result.
Training is done during their spare time, fitted in around other commitments such as work or family.
They choose when and where to take part.

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53
Q

What is the definition of open?

A

Open are sports in which both professionals and amateurs can compete together e.g. tennis and golf

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54
Q

Blurred lines between amateurs and professionals

A

The IOC (international Olympic committee) has allowed professional athletes to compete in the Olympic games since the 1980s which has further blurred the lines between amateur and professional athletes.

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55
Q

Examples of technology in sport

A

Ball tracking, infra-red imaging, fully automatic time, goal line technology, laser measurement

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56
Q

Ball tracking

A

Ball tracking e.g. using hawk-eye is a complex computer system used in sports such as cricket and tennis to visually track the trajectory of the ball and show its most likely path.

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57
Q

Infra-red imaging

A

Infra-red imaging systems are used in cricket to determine whether the ball has struck the batsman, bat or pads. This helps the umpire to decide whether a batsman is in or out.

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58
Q

Fully automatic time

A

Fully automatic time is a method of timing a race where the clock is activated by sensors in the starting blocks and stopped by line scan cameras using a laser line at the finish.

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59
Q

Goal line technology

A

Goal line technology is used to determine whether the ball has crossed the goal line. A radio signal can be sent to the referees watch within a second.

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60
Q

Laser measurement

A

Laser measurement are distance measuring devices that can produce accurate, computer generated measurements for field events.

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61
Q

Positive effects of technology on officials

A

Helps to make correct decisions.
Improves communication with colleagues.

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62
Q

Negative effects of technology on officials

A

Reversed decisions may lead to officials being undermined.
May become too reliant on the system to make decisions.

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63
Q

Positive effects of technology on performers

A

Improvements in training leading to improved performance.
Able to review decisions in competition that may go against them unfairly.

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64
Q

Negative effects of technology on performers

A

Not all performers have access to the best technology.
Gives advantages to performers from wealthier countries.
Can interrupt or slow down the game.

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65
Q

Positive effects of technology on the audience or spectators

A

Better informed from expert analysis, replays or different camera angles.
Can see how decisions are made and trust that they are fair.
Added excitement in drama of waiting for the decision.

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66
Q

Negative effects of technology on the audience or spectators

A

May see errors or poor decisions if viewing platform with technology that the officials don’t have, causing problems for the officials and the sport.
To keep play fast only a few reviews are allowed, so mistakes are still made if the team or player has no reviews left.

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67
Q

Positive effects of technology on the sport or event

A

Fairer and more consistent decision making.
Adds drama and suspense while the decision is being made.
Brings in more investment

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68
Q

Negative effects of technology on the sport or event

A

Can disrupt or slow play down if used too often.
Doesn’t always give the correct decision.
Investors such as media companies may demand more influence in return for the investment.

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69
Q

Factors that affect access to physical activities

A

Age, gender, disability, social influences, cultural influences

70
Q

Age (factors that affect access to physical activities)

A

Younger children’s joints aren’t fully developed, so some activities should be avoided such as heavy weight training and extreme distances. Older people may not be able to do some sports because of less strength, diseases such as arthritic, poorer eyesight and poorer hearing.

71
Q

Gender (factors that affect access to physical activities)

A

Some organizations will restrict access to men only. Women may be made to feel unwelcome even though access is allowed. Women’s sports are not treated equally in terms of finance, sponsorship and development.

72
Q

Disability (factors that affect access to physical activities)

A

Lack of provision for people who can’t use facilities without additional equipment or support. Lack of parking or disabled friendly transport means people can’t get to facilities.

73
Q

Social influences (factors that affect access to physical activities)

A

Family may not be able to afford to pay for equipment, fees or tuition. School may not provide the facilities for particular sports or offer it on the timetable.

74
Q

Cultural influences (factors that affect access to physical activities)

A

Local facilities may be segregated on the basis of what faith you belong to. Some faiths treat certain days as holy, so participants cannot compete on those days. Faith may impose restrictions on sports women can play or the clothing women can wear.

75
Q

Factors that affect participation in physical activities

A

Access, discrimination, education, environment and climate, family, financial considerations, media coverage, role models and time and work commitment

76
Q

Access (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

People with disabilities, older people, women.

77
Q

Discrimination (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

People of minority ethnic groups or people with disabilities.

78
Q

Education (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

Awareness and understanding of the benefits of physical activity as well as knowledge of how to engage in sports safely and effectively can influence participation levels.

79
Q

Environment and climate (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

In mountainous areas, activities such as fell walking or hiking might be popular and well supported.

80
Q

Family (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

Traditionally in some countries, women are encouraged to look after the family. The families’ habits can affect the level of exercise and activities they will take part in.

81
Q

Financial considerations (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

The cost of participation can be a barrier for some people.

82
Q

Media coverage (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

Very dominated by male sports, great for male sport. Very little female sport is covered by any sort of media.

83
Q

Role models (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

Boys are influenced by poor behavior of their idols. Girls receive very little coverage of female role models.

84
Q

Time and work commitment (factors that affect participation in physical activities)

A

People in full time work may have less time for activities or may feel too tired to take park.

85
Q

Strategies to increase participation

A

Access, discrimination, education, environment and climate, family, financial considerations, media coverage, role models and time and work commitment

86
Q

Access (strategies to increase participation)

A

Build more facilities, provide transport options, ensure resources are available and easily accessible.

87
Q

Discrimination (strategies to increase participation)

A

Implement anti-discrimination policies, promote diversity and inclusion and create safe spaces where all individuals feel welcome.

88
Q

Education (strategies to increase participation)

A

Offer education programs that inform individuals about the importance of participation and provide information on how to get involved.

89
Q

Environment and climate (strategies to increase participation)

A

Adapt activities to suit the local environmental conditions, provide indoor alternatives or schedule events during favorable weather.

90
Q

Family (strategies to increase participation)

A

Provide cheaper memberships when enrolling as a family, encourage family inclusive activities and provide support for childcare services.

91
Q

Financial considerations (strategies to increase participation)

A

Reduce the cost of participation or memberships for through concessions, local group activities using public spaces to keep costs down and offer easy access.

92
Q

Media coverage (strategies to increase participation)

A

Need more coverage of female sports, programmes aimed at women and more high-profile female presenters on TV.

93
Q

Role models (strategies to increase participation)

A

Promote and celebrate diverse role models who can inspire others to participate.

94
Q

Time and work commitments (strategies to increase participation)

A

Offer flexible scheduling, remote or online options and encourage employers to support a work-life balance.

95
Q

Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)

A

Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) are chemical substances that change the chemical balance of the body when taken, affecting the performers’ ability and providing an unfair advantage when performing.

96
Q

Why do people take PEDs

A

To enhance performance, keep up with the competition, for increased fame and wealth, build muscle faster, calm themselves, recovery quickly, mask pain, influence from others and to even out the competition if other athletes have taken PEDs.

97
Q

Types of PEDs

A

Beta blockers, anabolic steroids, diuretics and stimulants

98
Q

How beta blockers affect performance

A

Prevent adrenaline in order to keep heart rate lo.
Calming and relaxing effect.
Reduce anxiety.

99
Q

How anabolic steroids affect performance

A

Increase muscle mass fast.
Let athlete train harder for longer.
Increase power and strength.
Speed up recovery time.

100
Q

How diuretics affect performance

A

Increase the amount of water passed out of the body.
A way of reducing weight quickly.
Masks other PEDs being used.

101
Q

How stimulants affect performance

A

Affects the central nervous system.
Reduces pain.
Increases mental and physical alertness.

102
Q

Risks of beta blockers

A

Reduce blood pressure.
Cause tiredness.
Heart failure.
Depression.

103
Q

Risks of anabolic steroids

A

Aggressive behavior.
Heart disease.
High blood pressure.
Liver problems.
Effect on hormones.

104
Q

Risks of diuretics

A

Dehydration.
Weakening of the muscles.
Kidney problems.
Nausea.

105
Q

Risks of stimulants

A

Addictive.
High blood pressure.
Strokes.
Increased risk of injury as pain is suppressed.

106
Q

Sports associated with beta blockers

A

Archery, diving, snooker and shooting.

107
Q

Sports associated with anabolic steroids

A

Athletics, baseball, cycling, football and rugby.

108
Q

Sports associated with diuretics

A

Boxing, equestrian gymnastics and jockey.

109
Q

Sports associated with stimulants

A

Athletics, American football and swimming.

110
Q

World anti-doping agency (WADA)

A

World anti-doping agency (WADA) is an independent agency that monitors all sporting activities across the world, providing tests on performers and educating through scientific research.

111
Q

Tests for PEDs

A

Random selection, blood testing, urine sampling, sample testing and sanctions

112
Q

Random selection (tests for PEDs)

A

Athletes can be called for drug testing at any time, in or out of competition.

113
Q

Blood testing (tests for PEDs)

A

Athletes are provided with a sealed kit in which to place two samples. If the kit has been tampered with, it must be returned.

114
Q

Urine sampling (tests for PEDs)

A

Similar to blood testing, although the sample must be given in view of an official of the same gender.

115
Q

Sample testing (tests for PEDs)

A

Samples are sent to a registered laboratory where sample A is tested. If a positive result is found, the athlete is notified before sample B is also tested.

116
Q

Sanctions (tests for PEDs)

A

If both tests are positive, the relevant sporting organizations are notified, they decide what penalties or bans to impose.

117
Q

Reasons for banning PEDs

A

Health risks, unfair advantages and morality

118
Q

Health risks (reasons for banning PEDs)

A

The possible short and long term physical and mental health problems.

119
Q

Unfair advantages (reasons for banning PEDs)

A

How PEDs provide an advantage in strength, power and recovery and how that undermines the notion of a ‘level playing field’

120
Q

Morality (reasons for banning PEDs)

A

How the use of PEDs goes against ethics of being a sports performer and being a role model.

121
Q

disadvantages of peds

A

health implications, financial penalty, public humiliation, disqualification/being banned, effect on other competitors

122
Q

health implications as a disadvantage of peds

A

Health implications including the short-term and long-term health effects such as high blood pressure, depression, chronic diseases and organ failure.

123
Q

financial penalty as a disadvantage of peds

A

Financial penalty including fines, being stripped of prize money, losing earnings from endorsements or the loss of sponsorship.

124
Q

public humiliation as a disadvantage of peds

A

Public humiliation including damage and lost to reputation and media scrutiny.

125
Q

disqualification or being banned as a disadvantage of peds

A

Disqualification or being banned including the loss of titles, records and permanently ending careers in sports.

126
Q

effects on other competitors as a disadvantage of peds

A

Effect on other competitors as PEDs provide an unfair advantage and could lead to trust issues between competitors.

127
Q

negative consequences of drug scandals

A

Negative consequences of drug scandals include impacting the sports integrity, regulatory consequences and the loss of funding and sponsorship.

128
Q

blood doping

A

Blood doping is the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase a performers red blood cell count. E.g. by using the hormone EPO or by injecting oxygenated blood into a performer before an event.

129
Q

EPO

A

EPO (erythropoietin) is a hormone produced in the kidney that can also be artificially produced, it helps stimulate the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen with haemoglobin to the muscles.

130
Q

how blood doping is carried out

A
  1. 3-4 weeks before the competition, blood is taken, usually at a point when haemoglobin levels are high.
  2. Blood is frozen to maintain the high haemoglobin levels that will produce more red blood cells.
  3. One or two days before the competition, the blood is thawed and then reintroduced to the performer via a blood transfusion.
  4. This will increase the number of red blood cells in the body and the capacity to carry more oxygen.
  5. The performers aerobic capacity is increases and they can perform for longer without fatigue.
131
Q

effects of blood doping on performance

A

increased oxygen delivery, improved stamina and endurance, competitive edge, improved recovery

132
Q

increases oxygen delivery as an effect of blood doping on performance

A

Increases oxygen delivery as it boosts the number of red blood cells, which increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and therefore increases the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscles. This helps athletes to perform better in endurance sports that use aerobic respiration.

133
Q

improved stamina and endurance as an effect of blood doping on performance

A

Improved stamina and endurance as more oxygen is available to muscles so performers can sustain high levels of physical activity for longer periods, reducing fatigue and allowing them to compete at higher intensities.

134
Q

competitive edge as an effect of blood doping on performance

A

Competitive edge as some athletes will resort to blood doping to gain an unfair advantage over competitors, especially in high-stakes competition.

135
Q

improved recovery as an effect of blood doping on performance

A

Improved recovery as the enhanced oxygen supply can also speed up recovery times between intense efforts during physical activity.

136
Q

potential side effects of blood doping

A

Blood becoming more viscous (thicker).
Increased chance of heart attacks, strokes and lung clots.
Risk of infection when sharing blood.
Kidney disease through the use of EPO.

137
Q

sportsmanship

A

Sportsmanship is upholding the spirit of the game by being honest, playing by the rules and showing respect for your opponents.

138
Q

gamesmanship

A

Gamesmanship is seeking to gain an advantage in any way you can that is not against the rules. At times this may be unfair to your opponent and treads a fine line between cheating and playing by the rules.

139
Q

examples of sportsmanship

A

Examples of sportsmanship include respecting opponents, following the rules, accepting decisions, helping others and being graceful in both defeat and victory. E.g. a football player helping an opponent up after a tackle.

140
Q

examples of gamesmanship

A

Examples of gamesmanship include time wasting, bending the rules and exaggerating injuries. E.g. a football player taking an unnecessarily long time to take a free kick to waste time.

141
Q

real risk

A

A real risk is the amount of danger that actually exists in the activity. E.g. in football a concussion from a head-to-head collision could occur.

142
Q

What is a perceived risk?

A

A perceived risk is an individual’s subjective or personal judgement about the dangers of an activity. E.g. in football the fear of injury from a slide tackle.

143
Q

What is the formula for a risk?

A

Risk = severity x likelihood

144
Q

What is risk assessment?

A

A risk assessment is a process used to evaluate the real risks involved in an activity.

145
Q

What are the six causes of risks?

A

Risks can be caused by a lack of preparation, inadequate facilities and equipment, limited level of skill, limited fitness, behaviour of others and yourself and weather.

146
Q

What are the seven ways to reduce the severity of risks?

A

You can reduce the risk and severity of injury in physical activities by wearing protective clothing and equipment, using appropriate clothing and footwear, handling equipment safely, maintaining hydration, make sure to warm up and cool down, following rules and enrolling in a suitable level of competition.

147
Q

What are minor injuries?

A

Minor injuries are injuries that can be dealt with at the scene of the incident by a first aider, such as cuts, bruises or grazes.

148
Q

What are blisters?

A

A small pocket of fluid that forms in the upper layers of skin after it has been damaged. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid (serum) but may be filled with blood (blood blisters) or pus if inflamed or infected.

149
Q

What are the causes of blisters?

A

Repeated rubbing of the skin, e.g. on the foot where the show rubs against the heal, burning.

150
Q

What is the treatment for blisters?

A

Unbroken blisters, don’t pierce the bubble, cover with a plaster or a gauze pad or dressing.

151
Q

What are bruises?

A

Bluish- or purple-coloured patches that appear on the skin when capillaries break or burst underneath. Blood leaks into the soft tissue under the skin, causing the discolouration.

152
Q

What are the causes of bruises?

A

Impact with a hard object.

153
Q

What is the treatment for bruises?

A

Cold compressions such as a flannel or cloth soaked in cold water, or an ice pack wrapped in a towel will help to reduce swelling and internal bleeding.

154
Q

What are cuts and grazes?

A

Cuts, where the skin is broken causing damage to blood vessels beneath. Graze, where the skin is rubbed off again causing damage to blood vessels.

155
Q

What are the causes of cuts and grazes?

A

Cuts, contact with a sharp object. Graze, scraping or rubbing against a rough surface.

156
Q

What is the treatment for cuts and grazes?

A

Stop any bleeding by applying pressure to the area using a clean, dry, absorbent material such as a bandage, towel or handkerchief. When the bleeding has stopped, clean the wound and cover it with a dressing.

157
Q

What is winding?

A

Difficulty in breathing because of exertion or a blow to the stomach.

158
Q

What are the causes of winding?

A

A blow to the abdomen by a ball hitting action, making the diaphragm go into a spasm.

159
Q

What is the treatment for winding?

A

Loosen the clothing, sit in a crouched position as this helps the muscles to relax, try to stay calm and take slow, deep breaths.

160
Q

What is the RICE method for the treatment of minor injuries?

A

RICE stands for rest, ice, compression, elevation and is the method of treatment after a minor injury.

161
Q

What is rest? (Used in the rice method)

A

rest means to stop the activity, rest and protect the injured or sore area.

162
Q

What is ice? (Used in the rice method)

A

ice means to apply an ice pack right away to reduce pain and minimise swelling. Thien keep applying for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours. A bag of frozen peas, or similar, will also work well. Wrap the ice pack in a towel to avoid it directly touching the skin.

163
Q

What is compression? (Used in the rice method)

A

Compression means wrapping the area in an elastic bandage, this will help decrease swelling.

164
Q

What is elevation? (Used in the RICE method)

A

Elevation means keeping the injured body part raised above the level of the heart whenever possible, this may also help to reduce swelling.

165
Q

What is a muscular injury?

A

Muscle is overstretched or torn (also known as a strain)
Caused when muscles are overused e.g. during a weight training session
Muscles strains are particularly common in the legs and back, such as hamstrings and lower back

166
Q

What is the treatment for a muscular injury?

A

Use of the RICE method, limited training

167
Q

What is a tendon injury?

A

Tendons can also be overstretched or torn (strained)
Inflamed tendons (tendonitis) occur through repeated action e.g. tennis elbow
Tendon injures usually happen during activities that involve sudden, sharp movements such as throwing or jumping, or after repeated overuse of the tendons such as running

168
Q

What is the treatment for a tendon injury?

A

Use of the RICE method, reduced and limited training, rest and painkillers if needed

169
Q

What is a ligament injury?

A

Also known as a sprain
Caused by ligaments being twisted or pulled past their range of movement
A serious injury is the acl (anterior cruciate ligament) in the knee, a common injury in football and basketball

170
Q

What is the treatment for a ligament injury?

A

Use of the RICE treatment in the first instance, severe pain or a lack of movement could indicate a more serious injury, which might require an operation

171
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Dislocation is caused by a sudden force that moves the joint out of position e.g. an arm lock in judo
A dislocated shoulder causes swelling and great discomfort

172
Q

What is the treatment for a dislocation?

A

Use of the RICE method and go straight to the hospital, it is sometimes possible to relocate by putting the joint back into the ball and socket, this could result in an operation depending on the severity of the injury

CIE IGCSE Physical Education (4 decks)

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