Chapter 3 - Skill acquisition and psychology Flashcards
Skill
A skill is a learned and practiced ability that brings about the result that you want to achieve with maximum certainty and efficiency.
ability
An ability is the qualities and characteristics a person is born with that allows a person to learn or acquire skills. E.g. speed, agility, coordination, flexibility, balance and reaction time.
factors affecting variations in skill level
age and maturity, culture, motivation, anxiety, arousal conditions, facilities, environment and teaching and coaching
age and maturity (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Age and maturity: how young a person is can affect how good they become. Starting younger provides more time to become and expert.
culture (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Culture: background can impact upon the skills you learn. A person with the ability to play striking sports is likely to play baseball in USA, but cricket in India.
motivation (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Motivation: this will influence the skills you choose and how well you master them/ a desire to succeed will encourage you to practice and seek new challenges.
anxiety (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Anxiety: if you see the skill as difficult it may stop you from improving. The coach must break the skill down to help you motivate.
arousal conditions (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Arousal conditions: someone who is calm and enjoys low arousal may perform well in shooting or archery which require fine motor skills. People with high arousal levels may prefer football or boxing which require more grows motor skills.
facilities (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Facilities: the kinds of facilities that are available and accessible will impact on the sports that are offered.
environment (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Environment: where you live will affect your choices. If you live where there is snow, you are likely to ski than if you live in a tropical climate.
teaching and coaching (factors affecting variations in skill level)
Teaching and coaching: the quality and provision of coaching available will affect the skill level. For example, Andy Murray left the UK for Spain to develop his tennis skills.
characteristics of a skill performance
accurate, consistent, fluent, coordinated, aesthetically pleasing, goal directed
accurate (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Accurate is achieving precise, reliable movements.
consistent (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Consistent is performing to a high level every time with control and quality.
coordinated (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Coordinated is moving different parts of the body together with efficiency and control.
fluent (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Fluent is using movements that are quick, smooth and flowing, without hesitation or stumbling.
aesthetically pleasing (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Aesthetically pleasing is a display that looks good to the eye of the spectator, judge or coach.
goal directed (characteristics of a skilled performance)
Goal directed is focusing on performing a specific target and being determined to achieve that target.
skill classification continuas
basic and complex, fine and gross, open and closed
basic skills
Basic skills are simple things such as throwing, catching, hitting a ball and running.
complex skills
Complex skills are more difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration.
fine skills
Fine skills are precise movements that require high levels of accuracy and technique. They are often small movements that require small groups of muscles such as in the fingers.
gross skills
Gross skills are movements that use large muscle groups to produce big, powerful movements. Gross skills are usually performed by the arms and legs.
open skills
Open skills are skills that are affected by the environment. The performer has to react and adjust to the situation, and this will constantly change.
closed skills
Closed skills are skills that are not affected by the environment or the performers within it.
information processing model
The information processing model is the four-stage process that a performer goes through to make a decision and act upon it. It includes input, decision making, output and feedback.
input
Input is the information that is received. The performer receives it via their senses. It could also come from feedback from previous experiences or ‘intuition’. A great deal of information is received so the performer has to select which is best to focus on.
decision making
Decision making is when the information is analysed by the performer so they can choose the most appropriate response. It is stored in the short-term memory at first. If the information is rehearsed, it can be stored in the long-term memory, otherwise it is lost. Experience performers will have more relevant information stored in their long-term memory because they have had more chances to rehearse.
output
Output is when the decision is made and then acted upon. The brain sends information to the muscles which then move and perform the skill or action.
feedback
Feedback is information received about the output or outcome of the decision. That is whether your decision and action was good or bad. This knowledge can be stored and used for future decisions. The performer can receive this information through intrinsic or extrinsic feedback.
short term memory
Short term memory (STM) is a system for storing as small amount of information for a brief period. It can hold up to seven pieces of information for 60 seconds.
long term memory
Long term memory (LTM) is a memory store that can hold vast amounts of information for a long period of time.
limited channel capacity
Limited channel capacity is the idea that our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once, too much information results in an overload.
single channel hypothesis
Single-channel hypothesis is the theory that when receiving many stimuli from the environment, the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time.
multi channel hypothesis
Multi-channel hypothesis is the theory that the brain can process different types of information at the same time by using different channels for different stimuli.
cognitive stage of learning
The cognitive stage is the understanding, preparation and planning stage. You start to learn the new skill or technique, you consciously think about what is involved and the actions you need to perform the skill, you begin to find out exactly what is involved in the skill, you breakdown the skill into different parts and try to master each part, you make lots of mistakes and need lots of coaching and you may follow an expert and shadow their movements. Cognitive stage participants will benefit from knowledge of results and extrinsic feedback, Cognitive stage performers will benefit from manual guidance, mechanical guidance and visual guidance.
associative stage of learning
The associative stage is the repetition and practising skills and techniques stage. You continue repeating and practicing skills and techniques until they improve, you combine the different parts of a skill, you practice in a controlled environment, you may use specialised equipment to help practise a specific part and you try out move advanced skill and techniques. Associative stage participants will benefit from knowledge of performance and extrinsic feedback. Associative stage performers will benefit from verbal guidance and visual guidance.
autonomous stage of learning
The autonomous stage is the automatic stage. You can perform the skill naturally and without conscious thought, you show control, accuracy and flair, you can play full games and put the techniques you have learned into practice and when you make a mistake you can identify what went wrong. Autonomous stage participants will benefit from intrinsic feedback and knowledge of performance. Autonomous stage performers will benefit from verbal guidance.
feedback
Feedback is the information that a performer receives about their performance.