Chapter 1 - Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the skeleton?
Shape and support
Muscle attachment for movement Protection for vital organs
Red blood cell production
Shape and support
Forms the frame to which our muscles can attach and where our organs sit
Muscle attachment for movement
Movement occurs when muscles contact and pull-on bones making them move around a joint
Protection of vital organs
Internal organs are soft, delicate and easily damaged and therefore need to be protected by the skeleton
Red blood cell production
Red blood cell production occurs in the center of bones, such as the pelvis or femur, which contains red bone marrow which creates red blood cells
Diagram of the skeletal system
Long bones
Long bones act as levers to produce a large range of movement. E.g. femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges and clavicle.
Short bones
Short bones are small and squat bones that enable movement. They can provide movement in lots of directions and also give strength. E.g. carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones
Flat bones provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to. They also provide protection for organs. E.g. pelvis, cranium and scapula.
Irregular bones
Irregular bones provide protection and support. They are suited to suit the specific job they have to do. E.g. vertebrae.
Fixed or immoveable joints (fibrous joints)
Fixed or immoveable joints (fibrous joints) are bones that cannot move at all and are found in the skull (cranium). These joints are also known as fibrous joints as the bones are joined via fibrous connective tissue.
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous joints)
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous joints) are bones that can move a small amount, and they are linked together by ligaments and cartilage which absorbs the movement. They are found in the vertebral column and the ribs.
Freely moveable joints (synovial joints)
Freely moveable joints (synovial joints) have a greater amount of movement and include the elbow and knee (hinge joints) and shoulder and hip (ball and socket joints).
Ball and socket joints
Ball and socket joints are found in the shoulders and hips. They provide a large range of movement in every direction. One bone has a bulge/ball that fits into the socket of another bone. Ball and socket joints allows actions such as an overhead clear in badminton or bowling in cricket.
Hinge joints
Hinge joints are located in the elbow and the knee and are like the hinges on a door which allows movement in one direction. Your elbows and knees allow you to bend or straighten your arms and legs when performing a jump shot in basketball.
Diagram of a synovial joint
Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint and allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear.
Joint (fibrous) capsule
Joint (fibrous) capsule is the structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the bones together. It is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a strong but flexible material found at the end of the bones that acts as a cushion to stop bones knocking together.
Ligaments
Ligaments are the strong, elastic fibers that hold the bones together and keep them in place.
Flexion
Flexion involves bending a part of the body and decreasing the angle at a joint. E.g. bending your arm at the elbow.
Extension
Extension means straightening a part of the body and increases the angle at a joint. E.g. straightening your arm at the elbow.
Abduction
Abduction is a sideways movement away from the center of the body. E.g. lifting your arm from your side.
Adduction
Adduction is a sideways movement towards the center of the body. E.g. moving your arm back to your side.
Rotation
Rotation is a turning point around an imaginary line or axis. E.g. turning your head from left to right.
Circumduction
Circumduction occurs when the end of a bone moves in a circle. E.g. swinging your arms in a circle at your shoulder.
Plantar flexion
Plantar flexion is the movement in the ankle joint that points your foot away from the leg. E.g. a gymnast pointing their toes.
Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion is the movement in the ankle where the toes are brought closer to the shin. E.g. a sprinter in the blocks.
Comparing range of motion and stability
A ball and socket joint has a wider range of movement and is therefore less stable and more susceptible to injury. However, a hinge joint has a smaller range of movement and is therefore more stable and less susceptible to injury.
Diagram of the muscular system
What is the main action of the trapezius and an example of a sporting action?
Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and sideways. A swimmer turning their head to breath.
What is the main action of the deltoids and an example of a sporting action?
Raises each arm forwards, backways and sideways at the shoulder. Overhead clear in badminton.
What is the main action of the pectorals and an example of a sporting action?
Moves the arm at the shoulder through adduction. Forehand drive in tennis.
What is the main action of the biceps and an example of a sporting action?
Bends your arm at the elbow. Drawing back a bow in archery.
What is the main action of the triceps and an example of a sporting action?
Straighten your arm at the elbow. Releasing a javelin or a ball.
What is the main action of the latissimus dorsi and an example of a sporting action?
Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind your shoulder. Swimming strokes.
What is the main action of the abdominals and an example of a sporting action?
Flexes your spine so that you can bend forwards. Creates a pull in the abdomen. Rowing.
What is the main action of the hip flexors and an example of a sporting action?
Supports movement of the leg and knee upwards. Lifting the knees during a sprint.
What is the main action of the gluteals and an example of a sporting action?
Pulls your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip. The biggest of the gluteal muscles in the gluteus maximus. Moving the leading leg and train leg when hurdling.
What is the main action of the quadriceps and an example of a sporting action?
Straightens the leg at the knee. Keeps the leg straight to stand up. Getting elevation in a high jump.
What is the main action of the hamstrings and an example of a sporting action?
Bends the leg at the knee. Pulling back of the knee before kicking a ball.
What is the main action of the gastrocnemius and an example of a sporting action?
Straightens your ankle joint so you can perform plantar flexion. Take off for a layup in basketball.
What is the main action of the tibialis anterior and an example of a sporting action?
Helps with dorsiflexion, the action of pulling the foot towards the shin. Walking, running, or tow kicking a ball.
Tendon
A tendon is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscles to a bone and allows movement to happen.
Agonist
The agonist is the muscle that contracts to create movement. Also known as a prime mover.
Antagonist
The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes during movement.
Antagonistic muscle pairs
Antagonistic muscle pairs work is opposition, they create movement when the agonist contracts and the antagonist relaxes.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contraction is where muscles change in length as they contract.
Concentric contractions
Concentric contraction is a muscle contraction where the muscles shorten.
Pathway of air
Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the nasal passages in the nose or the mouth. It travels down the trachea which divides into the left and right bronchi which are the main pathways into the lungs. The airways begin to narrow and branch off into smaller airways called bronchioles. Finally, oxygen reaches the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs.
Inhalation
During inhalation, the ribcage moves outwards and upwards as the intercostal muscles contract and lengthen and the diaphragm contracts to become flatter. This increases the volume of the lungs, reduces the pressure in the lungs and the lungs draw in air containing oxygen.
Exhalation
During exhalation, the ribcage moves inwards and downwards as the intercostal muscles relax and the diaphragm relaxes and domes upwards. This reduces the volume of the lungs, increases the pressure in the lungs and forces air containing carbon dioxide out of the body.
Pathway of blood
deoxygenated blood from the body enters into the right atrium from the vena cava. The right atrium contracts and forces the blood through the valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts and forces the blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. The blood gets oxygenated into the lungs and enter the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The left atrium contracts and forces blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts and forces blood through the aorta out to the body.
Diagram of a heart
First class lever
An example of a first-class lever in the body is nodding the head. The fulcrum is in the middle and is the joint where the skull meets the spine, the effort is the force supplied by the muscle contractions in the neck and the resistance in the weight of the head + the resistance from other muscles in the neck.
Second class lever
An example of a second-class lever in the body is standing on your toes (performing plantar flexion). The resistance is in the middle and is the weight of the body going through the foot, the fulcrum is the ball of the foot and the joints of the toes, and the effort is the force supplied by the muscle contractions in the gastrocnemius.
Third class lever
An example of a third-class lever in the body is doing a bicep curl. The effort is in the middle and is the force supplied by the muscle contractions in the bicep. The bicep attaches about one inch below the elbow joint, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the resistance is the weight being lifted.
