Chapter 1 - Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the skeleton?
Shape and support
Muscle attachment for movement Protection for vital organs
Red blood cell production
Shape and support
Forms the frame to which our muscles can attach and where our organs sit
Muscle attachment for movement
Movement occurs when muscles contact and pull-on bones making them move around a joint
Protection of vital organs
Internal organs are soft, delicate and easily damaged and therefore need to be protected by the skeleton
Red blood cell production
Red blood cell production occurs in the center of bones, such as the pelvis or femur, which contains red bone marrow which creates red blood cells
Long bones
Long bones act as levers to produce a large range of movement. E.g. femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges and clavicle.
Short bones
Short bones are small and squat bones that enable movement. They can provide movement in lots of directions and also give strength. E.g. carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones
Flat bones provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to. They also provide protection for organs. E.g. pelvis, cranium and scapula.
Irregular bones
Irregular bones provide protection and support. They are suited to suit the specific job they have to do. E.g. vertebrae.
Fixed or immoveable joints (fibrous joints)
Fixed or immoveable joints (fibrous joints) are bones that cannot move at all and are found in the skull (cranium). These joints are also known as fibrous joints as the bones are joined via fibrous connective tissue.
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous joints)
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous joints) are bones that can move a small amount, and they are linked together by ligaments and cartilage which absorbs the movement. They are found in the vertebral column and the ribs.
Freely moveable joints (synovial joints)
Freely moveable joints (synovial joints) have a greater amount of movement and include the elbow and knee (hinge joints) and shoulder and hip (ball and socket joints).
Ball and socket joints
Ball and socket joints are found in the shoulders and hips. They provide a large range of movement in every direction. One bone has a bulge/ball that fits into the socket of another bone. Ball and socket joints allows actions such as an overhead clear in badminton or bowling in cricket.
Hinge joints
Hinge joints are located in the elbow and the knee and are like the hinges on a door which allows movement in one direction. Your elbows and knees allow you to bend or straighten your arms and legs when performing a jump shot in basketball.
Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint and allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear.
Joint (fibrous) capsule
Joint (fibrous) capsule is the structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the bones together. It is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a strong but flexible material found at the end of the bones that acts as a cushion to stop bones knocking together.
Ligaments
Ligaments are the strong, elastic fibers that hold the bones together and keep them in place.
Flexion
Flexion involves bending a part of the body and decreasing the angle at a joint. E.g. bending your arm at the elbow.
Extension
Extension means straightening a part of the body and increases the angle at a joint. E.g. straightening your arm at the elbow.
Abduction
Abduction is a sideways movement away from the center of the body. E.g. lifting your arm from your side.
Adduction
Adduction is a sideways movement towards the center of the body. E.g. moving your arm back to your side.
Rotation
Rotation is a turning point around an imaginary line or axis. E.g. turning your head from left to right.
Circumduction
Circumduction occurs when the end of a bone moves in a circle. E.g. swinging your arms in a circle at your shoulder.
Plantar flexion
Plantar flexion is the movement in the ankle joint that points your foot away from the leg. E.g. a gymnast pointing their toes.
Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion is the movement in the ankle where the toes are brought closer to the shin. E.g. a sprinter in the blocks.
Comparing range of motion and stability
A ball and socket joint has a wider range of movement and is therefore less stable and more susceptible to injury. However, a hinge joint has a smaller range of movement and is therefore more stable and less susceptible to injury.
Tendon
A tendon is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscles to a bone and allows movement to happen.
Agonist
The agonist is the muscle that contracts to create movement. Also known as a prime mover.
Antagonist
The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes during movement.
Antagonistic muscle pairs
Antagonistic muscle pairs work is opposition, they create movement when the agonist contracts and the antagonist relaxes.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contraction is where muscles change in length as they contract.
Concentric contractions
Concentric contraction is a muscle contraction where the muscles shorten.
Eccentric contractions
Eccentric contraction is a muscle contraction where the muscles lengthens.
Isometric contractions
Isometric contraction is a muscle contract where the muscles stay the same length.
Slow twitch muscle fibres
Slow twitch fibers produce a little force, have a higher fatigue tolerance (do not tire easily), use aerobic energy, contract slowly and are good for endurance activities such as marathon running.
Fast twitch muscle fibres
Fast twitch fibers produce a large amount of force, have a lower fatigue tolerance (tire quickly), contract quickly and are good for strength and power activities such as short distance sprints.
Pathway of air
Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the nasal passages in the nose or the mouth. It travels down the trachea which divides into the left and right bronchi which are the main pathways into the lungs. The airways begin to narrow and branch off into smaller airways called bronchioles. Finally, oxygen reaches the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs.
Adaptions of the alveoli
Alveoli are small air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. They are adapted to perform gaseous exchange as there are millions of alveoli in each lung which allows a large, moist surface area for gas exchange to occur. Each individual alveoli is surrounded by blood capillaries which ensure a good blood supply and increases the amount of blood available for the transfer of gases. The walls of the capillaries and alveoli are one cell thick which allows a short distance for the diffusion of gases.
Inhalation
During inhalation, the ribcage moves outwards and upwards as the intercostal muscles contract and lengthen and the diaphragm contracts to become flatter. This increases the volume of the lungs, reduces the pressure in the lungs and the lungs draw in air containing oxygen.
Exhalation
During exhalation, the ribcage moves inwards and downwards as the intercostal muscles relax and the diaphragm relaxes and domes upwards. This reduces the volume of the lungs, increases the pressure in the lungs and forces air containing carbon dioxide out of the body.
Tidal volume
Tidal volume is the volume of air you inhale with each breath during normal breathing. (ml)
