Chapter 4: Sex Development and Diversity Flashcards
How early after conception do we possess the precursors of both reproductive systems?
- 6 weeks
What is SRY?
- the “survivor” that is determined by the presence/absence of testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
What happens around 10-12 weeks into embryonic development?
- the one that won’t last begins to disintegrate.
What then begins to happen with the external anatomy?
if it is a boy the glans - glans and the outer labia turns into the scrotum, etc.
What is Hypospadias that can happen during developmental stages?
- hypospadias - the urethral opening develops at a variety of other locations along the shaft of the penis.
- sub coronal - top
- midshaft - middle
- penoscrotal - near the scrotum
What is Turner Syndrome?
- 1 in 2500 have one X chromosome instead of two and no Y. in some cases, women may be mosaics of X_ and XX.
What are some of the Phenotype of turner syndrome?
- short stature
- infertility
- hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
-type 2 diabetes mellitus - autoimmunity
- neurocognitive problems
- congenital heart malformations
- intrauterine lethality
What are the neurocognitive and psychosocial issues of Turner syndrome?
- emotional immaturity (40%)
- specific (nonverbal) learning disorder (40%)
- Psychological and behavioral problems (25%)
- failure to thrive during first year of life (50%)
Why does an absent X chromosome lead to specific sets of symptoms?
- both estrogen and androgen deficiency that impacts certain aspects of development.
What is triple-x syndrome?
they exhibit atypical facial features and learning difficulties.
What is Klinefelter syndrome in males?
- 1 in 1000
- typical complement of X and Y along with one or more additional X chromosome.
what are some physical effects of Klinefelter syndrome in males?
- some experience late/absent puberty
- delayed speech/motor development
- some female physical attributes like small testes, infertility, taller structure, narrow shoulders.
What are the psychological affects (Herlihy et al, 2011) of Klinefelter sydrome?
- distress is higher
- health status is lower
- BMI is higher
What is XYY syndrome in males?
males exhibit differences in genital anatomy and fertility, plus brain differences that influence intelligence and social functioning. and higher likelihood of criminality due to being different.
What can lead to intersex status?
the 5-alpha reductase deficiency. Testosterone actually has to be converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in order to foster male genital development.
What is guevedoces?
You are born a girl until puberty at around the age of 12
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
- is a recessive genetic condition that relates to changes in the HPA axis that regulates many hormones.
- loss of negative feedback –> excess androgen (testosterone) production from the adrenal cortex
What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?
androgen production (t and DHT) is normal, but androgen receptors are defective.
ending up with neither reproductive system.
the external genital appearance is female, but the vagina is short.
What is chromosomal sex?
- means the possession of XX, XY, or some other complement of sex chromosomes.
What is Gonadal sex?
means the possession of ovaries, testes, or combination of the two.
What is anatomical sex?
refers to the possession of the external genitalia typical of females or males, or not clearly one or the other.
What is natal sex?
means anatomical sex at birth.
What is an assigned sex?
the sex assigned to newborns by doctors or parents. usually always corresponds to natal sex, but babies with ambiguous genitals may be assigned to one sex or the other by poorly defined or arbitrary criteria
What is Hijra?
a community that has a third gender, born a boy but dresses as a girl.
What are the Mullerian ducts?
- are the precursors of the female reproductive tract.
What are the Wolffian ducts?
- are the precursors of the male reproductive tract.
How many possibilities of gender are there?
- 107 possibilities on wikipedia.
What did economist James Anderson suggest about gender?
- in 1792 he suggested that there were 13 genders including neutral ones: indefinite and universally indefinite…. and suggested ‘ou as a gender-neutral pronoun.
What is gender dysphoria??
- the unhappiness caused by discordance between a person’s natal sex and their gender identity. (DSM-5)
What are the 4 elements of transitioning?
- Assessment, education, and psychotherapy
- Real-life experience/social integration
- Hormone treatment
- Sex affirmation surgery
What are puberty blockers?
- an option is suppression of puberty via so-called puberty blockers, buying more time for brain/psychological development, exploration, counselling, etc.
