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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

is initiated by sensory input, the influence of the outside world on perception

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4
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

is initiated by cognitive processing, the influence of the internal/mental world on perception
(expectations and prior understanding)

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5
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

specialized cells that selectively detect and transmit sensory information to the brain, these signals are sent through distinct neural pathways

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6
Q

3 Categories of Receptors

A

Photoreception - vision, detection of light

Mechanoreception - touch/hearing, detection of pressure, vibration, & movement

Chemoreception - smell/taste, detection of chemical stimuli

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus an organism can detect 50% of the time

ex: a candle flame at 30 miles on a dark, clear night

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8
Q

Difference Threshold/JND

A

amount of stimulus change needed for detection, weber’s law states that it is not necessarily about amount of change but more about proportion of change

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9
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

how we notice things, “did I detect something?”

4 outcomes =
- Hit -> a stimulus is present and is detected
- Miss -> a stimulus is present but not detected
- False Alarm -> false detection of stimulus
- Correct Rejection -> no stimulus present and no detection

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10
Q

Attention

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment

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11
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

A

Selectively paying attention within a loud setting (certain things in the environment grab attention more than others)

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12
Q

Stroop Effect

A

mixed sensory signals confuse perception

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13
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

our brain cells become less sensitive to to constant stimuli that is detected by our senses

ex: our eyesight
adjusting to darkness

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14
Q

Retina

A

consists of rods and cones, converts light that enters our eye into signals sent to the brain

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15
Q

Rods

A

are sensitive to dim light, but not color. function well in low illumination, humans have about 120 million

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16
Q

Cones

A

are responsive to color, operate best under high illumination, humans have around 6 million. mostly located in the fovea which is densely populated with those vital to many visual tasks

17
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the optic nerve that fibers divide

18
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color

A

there are 3 main categories of receptors: green, blue, and red cones

19
Q

Opponent Process Theory (Afterimages)

A

sensation remains after a stimulus is removed, cannot be explained by trichromatic theory

20
Q

What is the outer ear consisted of?

A

pinna and external auditory canal

21
Q

What is the middle ear consisted of?

A

ear drum and hammer, anvil, & stirrup

22
Q

What is the inner ear consisted of?

A

oval window, cochlea (fluid that is in the cochlea orients balance), basilar membrane (hair cells/cilia), tectorial membrane

23
Q

Pathway of Auditory Information

A

Cochlea -> Auditory Nerve -> brain stem -> temporal lobe

24
Q

Localizing Sound

A

each ear receives slightly different stimuli from the sound source, intensity of sound depends on distance and the sound shadow

25
Q

Sound Shadow

A

the listener’s head serves as a barrier that reduces sound intensity

26
Q

Skin Senses

A

Touch, Temperature, and Pain

27
Q

Pathway of Touch

A

receptors -> spinal cord -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

28
Q

Thermoreceptors (Temperature)

A

help to detect warmth and cold

29
Q

Pain

A

mixture of mechanical, chemical, and heat receptors. endorphins are responsible for turning pain receptors on and off

30
Q

Papillae (Taste)

A

the receptors on our tongues, otherwise known as taste buds

31
Q

5 Taste Qualities

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

32
Q

Olfactory bulb/nerve

A

the lining of the roof of the nasal cavity that contains receptors for smell

33
Q

How is smell connected to memory and emotion?

A

the neural pathway for smell is directly connected to various brain regions, especially the limbic system, which is involved in memory and emotion.

34
Q

Kinesthetic

A

involves movement, posture, & orientation

35
Q

Vestibular

A

involves information about balance, movement, and acceleration

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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