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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A

The body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

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2
Q

Factors of the Nervous System

A

Complex, integrated, adaptable (plasticity), electrochemical transmission

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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic NS, Autonomic NS

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5
Q

Somatic NS

A

Sensory and motor nerves that go to muscles, is involved in conscious movement

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6
Q

Afferent Signals of Somatic NS

A

Skin, muscles, and joints send signals to spinal cord and brain (outside world communicates to the brain)

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7
Q

Efferent Signals of Somatic NS

A

Brain and spinal cord send signals to the muscles, joints, and skin

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8
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Delegates communication with internal organs, includes the sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Involves the carrying of signals that make the body alert, fight or flight

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10
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Involves the carrying of signals that calms the body after experiencing a stressor

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11
Q

Afferent/Sensory Nerves

A

carry signals to brain that enable our senses such as taste, smell, sight, etc.

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12
Q

Efferent/Motor Nerves

A

carry signals to our muscles that enables our ability to move and function.

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13
Q

Glial Cells

A

provide support and nutrition to neurons (“glue” of NS)

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14
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

most commonly found in primates, involves imitation of an action, social perception

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15
Q

Neurons

A

important to the NS, responsible for information processing such as computing/communicating.

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

responsible for receiving and processing signals from the axons of other neurons.

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17
Q

Cell Body

A

stores genetic information, maintains the structure of a neuron, and provides energy to the neuron.

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18
Q

Axon

A

responsible for carrying electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body, otherwise known as the neuron’s tail.

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19
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

protects the axon

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20
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

at the end of the axon, responsible for sending the signal to other neurons

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21
Q

Synapse

A

Gap at the end of the terminal buttons, purpose is to connect neurons, neurotransmitters travel through the synapse.

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22
Q

Neuron Communication

A

communicate through combination of electrical and chemical signals

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23
Q

Electrochemical signals

A

a neuron detects a stimulus and generates an electric potential that travels down the cell

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24
Q

Polarization of neuron

A

Involves an imbalance of charges in the neuron, in polarization the neuron is negatively charged inside. allows for electrical signals/action potentials to be transmitted when stimulated by outside stimuli or other neurons. ion channels are CLOSED

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25
Q

Resting State

A

Neuron is not actively transmitting any signals. Electrical potential difference when cell is in non-excited state

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26
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

allows for the passage of specific molecules/ions through diffusion

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27
Q

Ion channels

A

allow for the passage of ions through the cell membrane

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28
Q

When do ion channels open?

A

during depolarization

29
Q

Threshold

A

lowest point at which a stimulus will cause a response in an organism

30
Q

Action Potential

A

ion exchange sweeps across the length of an axon to transmit information, neuron briefly changes from + to - during the exchange

31
Q

All-or-nothing principle

A

neurons will either transmit an impulse completely or not at all

32
Q

What carries information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron?

A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Primarily responsible for muscle actions, learning, and memory
- Botox & Alzheimer’s decrease ACH levels
- Black Widow Venom increases ACH levels

34
Q

GABA

A

regulates neural activity, therefore promoting relaxation, anxiety reduction, & sleep regulation
- Anxiety decreases GABA levels

35
Q

Glutamate

A

known as the excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory
- related to multiple different psychological disorders such as autism, depression, and schizophrenia

36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

associated with the “fight or flight” stress response, regulates mood, responsible for ability to pay attention
- stress and mania increase norepinephrine levels
- depression decreases norepinephrine levels

37
Q

Dopamine

A

responsible for voluntary movement and reward anticipation
- stimulant drugs activate dopamine receptors
- parkinson’s decreases dopamine levels
- schizophrenia increases dopamine levels

38
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates sleep, mood, attention, and learning
- depression decreases serotonin levels
- prozac (medication for depression) increases serotonin levels

39
Q

Endorphins

A

serve as natural opiates, mediates feelings of pleasure and pain

40
Q

Oxytocin

A

both a hormone and neurotransmitter, related to attachment & emotional bonds
- relates to onset of lactation in new mothers

41
Q

Reuptake

A

the whole neurotransmitter molecule is taken back into the axon terminal that released it in order to clear the synapse

42
Q

What is the hindbrain made up of?

A

The brainstem, which includes the medulla and pons, and the cerebellum

43
Q

Medulla

A

Controls breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure, regulates reflexes

44
Q

Pons

A

Unconscious processes, like sleep-wake up cycle and breathing, controls sleep and arousal

45
Q

Cerebellum

A

responsible for motor coordination

46
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

Substania nigra and reticular formation

47
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

produces dopamine, directly impacted by Parkinson’s disease

48
Q

Reticular Formation

A

facilitates movement of muscles for stereotyped behavior patterns, such as walking

49
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, basil ganglia, hypothalamus

50
Q

Amygdala

A

responsible for the ability to discriminate objects needed for survival and emotional awareness/expression

51
Q

Hippocampus

A

responsible for the formation and recall of memories

52
Q

Thalamus

A

main relay station for most sensory information

53
Q

Basil Ganglia

A

coordination of voluntary movements

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

delegates eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors, regulates the body’s internal state (emotion, stress, and reward)

4 F’s = FLEEING, FIGHTING, FEEDING, FUCKING

55
Q

What does the cerebral cortex consist of?

A

The neocortex and the 4 lobes

56
Q

Neocortex

A

the outermost layer

57
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

responsible for vision

58
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

responsible for hearing, language processing, and memory

59
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involves intelligence, personality, and voluntary muscles

60
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

involves spatial location, attention, and motor control

61
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

located in the parietal lobe, controls body sensations and touch

62
Q

Motor Cortex

A

located in the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements & point-to-point mapping

63
Q

Association Cortex

A

takes up 75% of cortex, responsible for processing that occurs between sensory input and motor behaviors

64
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

at the very front of the brain

65
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a large bundle of axons that connects the two hemisphere of the brain

66
Q

Left Hemisphere of the Brain

A

responsible for verbal processing, speech, and grammar
- Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area are located here

67
Q

Right Hemisphere of the Brain

A

responsible for spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion

68
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

controls the ability to understand the meaning of words,

69
Q

Broca’s Area

A

controls the ability to speak

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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