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Baron's AP Psychology Terms > Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception and Chapter 5: States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception and Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

transduction

A

-signals from sensory organs are transformed into neural impulses

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2
Q

sensory habituation

A

-perception of sensations is decreased as we become more accustomed to them

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3
Q

selective inattention

A

-individual fails to recognize a stimulus that is directly in plain sight

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4
Q

selective attention

A

-an individual fails to notice one stimulus due to concentration on another stimulus

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5
Q

vision

A
  • light enters the cornea (protective covering) to the pupil which opens (dilates) with the help of the iris
  • the lens helps focus the light by changing shape through accommodation
  • as it passes the lens, the image gets flipped upside down and inverted where it is projected onto the retina, activating neurons and causing transduction
  • then enters the photoreceptors (rods: black and white vision, and cones: color vision)
  • fovea: highest concentration of cones
  • light then goes to bipolar cells and then ganglion cells where it is sent to the optic nerve to the thalamus to the visual cortex
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6
Q

light

A
  • visible light depends on brightness, wavelength
  • longest to shortest wavelength: ROY G BIV
  • longest to shortest wavelength: radio, infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, gamma rays
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7
Q

blind spot

A
  • no rods or cones due to the optic nerve leaving the blind spot
  • spot where nerves cross each other is the optic chiasm
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8
Q

feature detectors

A

Hubel and Wiesel discovered that different groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different visual images

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9
Q

theories of color vision

A
  • trichromatic theory: 3 types of cones that detect red, blue, and green light
  • opponent-process theory: R-G, Y-B, B-W (one sensor is stimulated, the other is inhibited from firing)
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10
Q

hearing

A
  • sound waves are vibrations in the air
  • amplitude: height of wave that determines loudness
  • frequency: determines pitch
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11
Q

outer ear

A
  • pinna: collects sound waves
  • travel down auditory canal where reaches the
  • eardrum: thin tympanic membrane that vibrates as the sound waves hit
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12
Q

middle ear

A

-ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup (3 bones attached to the eardrum that translate vibration to oval window)

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13
Q

inner ear

A
  • oval window: connects the middle ear to the inner ear, fluid moves when oval window vibrates
  • cochlea: membrane attached to the oval window, is a spiral-shaped organ that transmits sound into signals that can be sent to the brain
  • semi-circular ducts: filled with fluid; attached to cochlea and nerves; send information on balance and head position to the brain
  • basilar membrane: divides cochlea in half, lined with hair cells (when fluid moves, the hair cells do too, causing transduction)
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14
Q

place theory

A
  • hair cells in cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea
  • sense pitch because the hair cells move in different places in the cochlea (determines higher pitches)
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15
Q

frequency theory

A

-lower tones are recognized by rate at which cells fire

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16
Q

conduction deafness

A
  • can’t properly conduct sound to the cochlea

- easier to treat

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17
Q

Nerve (sensoneurial) deafness

A

-hair cells in cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise

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18
Q

touch

A

-nerve endings respond to temperature or pressure changes

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19
Q

gate control theory

A
  • when high priority message is sent, the gates swing open, and vice versa
  • when scratch an itch, the low priority message causes the pain gates to close (don’t feel pain)
  • endorphins swing the gate shut
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20
Q

four universal flavors

A

sweet, salty, bitter, unami

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21
Q

olfactory bulb

A

gathers messages from the olfactory receptor cells and send info to the brain

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22
Q

limbic system

A

-amygdala, hippocampus

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23
Q

vestibular sense

A
  • tells our brain how our body is orientated

- when body is off balance, the sensors (hair-cells) in the semi-circular canals move, activating neurons

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24
Q

kinesthesia

A

-receptors in our muscles and joints send info to our brain about our limbs allowing for the understanding of our orientation of body

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25
Q

absolute threshold

A

-smallest amount of stimulus we can detect

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26
Q

difference threshold

A

-smallest amount of change for us to notice the difference from the original intensity of the stimulus

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27
Q

psychophysics

A

-study of the interaction between sensation and perception

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28
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

-stimuli below the absolute threshold

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29
Q

Weber’s Law

A

-difference between stimulus must vary by a percentage

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30
Q

signal detection theory

A

-investigates the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world

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31
Q

response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)

A

-how motivated we are to detect specific stimuli

32
Q

false positive

A

-perceive a stimulus that isn’t there

33
Q

false negative

A

-not perceiving a stimulus that is there

34
Q

perceptual set

A

-tendency to perceive something in a specific way

35
Q

schema

A

-organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

36
Q

perceptual laws

A
  • law of constancy
  • law of proximity
  • law of similarity
  • law of closure
37
Q

constancy

A
  • size constancy
  • shape constancy
  • brightness (color) constancy
38
Q

stroboscopic effect

A

-images presented at a fast pace will appear to move

39
Q

phi phenomenon

A

-series of light turned on and off will be perceived as one line

40
Q

autokinetic effect

A

-stare at a bright light for a long time, it will appear to move

41
Q

interposition

A

-monocular cue that states that objects that block the view of other objects must be closer

42
Q

relative size

A

-monocular cue that states closer objects are larger

43
Q

texture gradient

A

-monocular cue that states that closer objects have more texture

44
Q

retinal disparity

A

-binocular cue that states that each eye sees objects at a different angle

45
Q

convergence

A

-binocular cue: as an object moves closer to our face, our eyes must move closer to stay focused

46
Q

priming

A

-implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.

47
Q

mere exposure effect

A

prefer stimuli we have seen before, even if we don’t remember seeing it

48
Q

nonconscious

A

-body processes that we are usually never aware of

49
Q

preconscious

A

-information about the environment that you are not currently thinking about

50
Q

subconscious

A

-information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist (mere exposure effect and priming)

51
Q

unconscious

A

-some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious, but may still affect behavior

52
Q

circadian rhythm

A

-metabolic and thought process pattern

53
Q

sleep cycle

A
  • 90 minute typical pattern of sleep
54
Q

beta waves

A

-waves of an alert, wakeful person

55
Q

alpha waves

A

-waves of a drowsy state

56
Q

delta waves

A

-slow, large waves of NREM-3 and NREM-4 (deep sleep is when body regulates chemical and hormone supply)

57
Q

hypnagogic sensation

A

-NREM-1 hallucination (sensory experience without a sensory stimulus)

58
Q

sleep spindles

A

-NREM-2 sudden bursts of brain-wave activity

59
Q

REM sleep

A
  • paradoxical sleep because brain waves are active as if we were awake
  • dreams
  • as we age, amount of REM decreases, as we get stressed, it increases
60
Q

narcolepsy

A

-periods of intense sleepiness at inappropriate times

61
Q

sleep apnea

A

-person will stop breathing for a short time during the night (body will wake up slightly gasping for air, preventing deep sleep)

62
Q

manifest content

A

-actual content of our dreams

63
Q

latent content

A

-unconscious meaning of latent content

64
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

-dreams are biological phenomena for our body to explain the interpretations of physical experiences during REM

65
Q

information-processing theory

A

-stress will increase the intensity of dreams during the night, as we integrate info processed during the day into our memories

66
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

-people report forgetting events while hypnotized

67
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

-suggestion that hypnotized person should act in a certain way after the person is brought out of hypnosis

68
Q

Role Theory

A

-hypnosis is because some people have more hypnotic suggestibility (not an alternate state of consciousness)

69
Q

state theory

A

-hypnosis is altered state of consciousness

70
Q

-dissociation theory

A

-hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily

71
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

-protects brain from harmful chemicals by surrounding the brain’s blood vessels with a wall

72
Q

antagonists

A

-mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptors and blocking the normal neurotransmitters

73
Q

agonists

A

-fit the receptor for the normal neurotransmitter and function as if it was the normal neurotransmitter

74
Q

reverse tolerance

A

-second dose maybe smaller, but provide even greater effects than the first dose (hallucinogen)

75
Q

opiates

A
  • powerful painkillers and mood elevators due to the agonistic behavior modeling endorphins
  • some of the most physically addictive drugs

Baron's AP Psychology Terms (6 decks)

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