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Psychology 101 > Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

the stimulation of sense organs.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

translating sensory input into something meaningful, such as your best friend’s face or other environmental stimuli is an example of:

A

perception

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3
Q

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

A

Perception

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4
Q

involves the absorption of energy, such as light or sound waves, by sensory organs, such as the ears and eyes

A

Sensation

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5
Q

a condition in which perceptual or cognitive activities (e.g., listening to music, reading) trigger exceptional experiences (e.g., of colour, taste)

A

Synesthesia

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6
Q

specific stimuli are consistently and involuntarily associated with emotional responses

A

emotional synesthesia

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7
Q

a condition in which words, letters, or digits are associated reliably with specific colours

A

Grapheme–colour synesthesia

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8
Q

when tastes lead to specific feelings

A

taste–touch synesthesia

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9
Q

when words or names lead to taste sensations

A

word–taste synesthesia

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10
Q

when sounds/musical notes lead to colour sensations

A

sound–colour synesthesia

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11
Q

the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

A

psychophysics

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12
Q

is a dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect.

A

Threshold

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13
Q

the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect

A

Absolute threshold

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14
Q

is the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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15
Q

states that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus

A

Weber’s Law

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16
Q

Proposes that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity

A

Signal-detection theory

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17
Q

the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

A

Subliminal perception

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18
Q

is a gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation.

A

Sensory adaptation

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19
Q

Neural tissue that receives light

A

Retina

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20
Q

a transparent “window” at the front of the eye

A

Cornea

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21
Q

the transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.

A

Lens

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22
Q

occurs when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus. When you focus on a close object, the lens of your eye gets fatter (rounder) to give you a clear image. When you focus on distant objects, the lens flattens out to give you a better image of the objects

A

Accomodation

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23
Q

the opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye.

A

Pupil

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24
Q

coloured ring of muscle surrounding the pupil

A

Iris

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25
Q

The movements that occus when our eyes are scanning the visual environment and making brief fixations at various parts of the stimuli

A

Saccades

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26
Q

The effect that occurs when horizontal eye movements are elicited before memory retrieval

A

Saccade induces retrieval enhancement effect

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27
Q

a place in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye

A

Optic Disk

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28
Q

Area of the optic disk where there are no photoreceptors

A

Blindspot

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29
Q

Photoreceptors responsible for daylight and colour vision

A

Cones

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30
Q

Photoreceptors responsible for night / peripheral vision

A

Rods

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31
Q

The area of the retina (towards the center) that contains exclusively cones. Highest level of acuity

A

Fovea

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32
Q

The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell. Multiple signals are funneled to a particular visual cell in the retina (or ultimately in the brain)

A

Receptive field

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33
Q

the point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain.

A

Optic chiasm

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34
Q

Major (90%) visual pathway:
Eyes>Thalamus>Synapse>Occipital lobe (proimary visual cortex)

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

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35
Q

Secondary visual pathway (10%)
Eyes>Midbrain>Thalamus>Occipital lobe

A

Superior Colliculus

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36
Q

Vision for action pathways (2)

A

Dorsal pathway - where

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37
Q

Vision for perception pathways (2)

A

Ventral pathway - what

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38
Q

the pathway that creates an internal representation of the real world

A

Perception (ventral, what)

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39
Q

The pathway that docuses on controlling actions directed towards objects

A

Vision for action (dorsal, where)

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40
Q

works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. (paints adding together)

A

Subtractive colour mixing

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41
Q

works by superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself (think spotlights layering)

A

Additive colour mixing

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42
Q

theory that states that we perceive color through the combined activity of three types of cone cells in our eyes, each sensitive to red, green, or blue light

A

Trichromatic theory

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43
Q

Variety of deficiencies that alter abilities to distinguish colours

A

Colour-blindness

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44
Q

People who are insensitice to one of the primary colour channels (RBG)

A

Dichromats

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45
Q

Pairs of colours that produce grey tones when mixed together

A

Complementary colours

46
Q

The image that persists when stimulus is removed (appears as complementary colour)

A

Afterimage

47
Q

The theory that states we perceive colours in opposing pairs

A

Opponent process theory

48
Q

Opposing pairs: (3)

A

Blue + yellow
Red + green
Black + white

49
Q

Three types of cones

A

Short waavelenth (blue)
Medium wavelength (green)
Long wavelength (red)

50
Q

The readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

A

Perceptual set

51
Q

Failure to notice a seemingly obvious change

A

Change blindness

52
Q

Failure to notice unexpected visual objects

A

Inattentional blindness

53
Q

Detecting elements and assembling them into complex form

A

Feature analysis

54
Q

Building up to an understanding/perception from small details

A

Bottom up processing

55
Q

Using past experiences/expectations to understand smaller details

A

Top down processing

56
Q

Form perception AKA…

A

Top down processing

57
Q

Feature detection theory AKA…

A

Bottom up processing

58
Q

The branch of psychology that states the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts

A

Gestalt psychology

59
Q

The illusion of movement by visual stimulus being presented in rapid succession

A

PHI phenomenon

60
Q

Stimuli at a distance/outside of body that can result in distortion

A

Distal stimuli

61
Q

Stimuli that directly affects sensory receptors

A

Proximal stimuli

62
Q

Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how distant objects are

A

Depth pereption

63
Q
A
64
Q

Clues about distance baed off differing views of both eyes

A

Binocular depth cues

65
Q

The reason that when we receive two different images on each retina, it leads to a slightly different angles of the object allowing us to determine (some) depth

A

Retinal disparity

66
Q

When the eyes move closer together as an object moves closer

A

Convergence

67
Q

Distance clues based off of the image presented to one eye alone

A

Monocular depth cues

68
Q

What is it called when objects at different distances appear to be moving at different speeds?

A

Motion parallax

69
Q

Clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture

A

Pictoral depth cues

70
Q

The tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input

A

Perceptual constancy

71
Q

Inexplicable discrepancy between appearance of visual stimulus and its physical reality

A

Visual illusion

72
Q

Sound is characterized by (3)

A

Amplitude (loudness - decibels)
Wavelength (pitch - Hz)
Purity (timbre)

73
Q
A
74
Q

The external ear relies on vibration of….

A

Air molecules

75
Q

The middle ear relies on…

A

The vibration of bones

76
Q

The inner ear relies on…

A

vibration of waves/fluid

77
Q

The external ear consists of (2)

A

Pinna, eardrum

78
Q

The middle ear consists of:

A

Ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup

79
Q

The inner ear consists of…

A

Cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane

80
Q

Sound receptor cells found in the basilar membrane

A

Hair cells

81
Q
A
82
Q

Where is the auditory cortex found?

A

Temporal lobe

83
Q

The perception that pitch corresponds with vibrations in different areas along the basilar membrane

A

Place theory

84
Q

The perception that pitch corresponds to the rate / frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

A

Frequency theory

85
Q

The ability to locate the source of a sound in space

A

Auditory Localization

86
Q

2 important features of auditory localization

A
  1. Intensity (loudness)
  2. TIming of arrival at each ear
87
Q

Low frequency sound relies more on what type of differences?

A

Timing differences

88
Q

High frequency sounds relyl more on what type of differences?

A

Intensity differences

89
Q

Sensory system of taste

A

Gustatory system

90
Q

Sensory system of smell

A

Olfactory system

91
Q

Stimuli of the gustatory system

A

chemical substances dissolvable in water

92
Q

Four primary tastes

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter (+ maybe umami)

93
Q

Which area + which lobe is taste sent to?

A

Insular cortex of frontal lobe

94
Q

People who are insensitive to PTC (phenythiiocarbamide)/PROP (Propylthiouracil) and have 1/4 of taste buds than the other side of the spectrum (makes up 25% pop.)

A

Nontasters

95
Q

Have specialized taste receptors and more tastebuds than normal (makes up 25% of the population)

A

Supertasters

96
Q

Respond similarly as supertasters, but less sensitive to bitter and sweet. (50% pop)

A

Medium tasters

97
Q

Gradual decline in sensitivity with prolonged stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

98
Q

Perception of flavour combines… (3)

A

Taste, smell and tactile sensation of food in the mouth

99
Q

Stimuli for olfactory system

A

Chemical substance dissolved in mucus

100
Q

Smell is sent to (which area of cortex, which lobe)

A

Olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

101
Q

Chemical messages that can be sent from one organism to another within the same species

A

Pheromone

102
Q

Stimuli for sense of touch: (3)

A

Chemical, mechanical, thermal

103
Q

Where in the brain are touch sensations sent

Cortex + lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex in parietal lobes

104
Q

Pathway in which pain travels to the cortex in a fraction of a second, sharp pain. Localized.

A

Fast pathway

105
Q

Pathway that lags 1-2s behind fast pathway. Longer lasting, aching, burning pain. Also carries temperature information.

A

Slow pathway

106
Q

Fast pathway contains which fibres?

A

A delta fibres (myelinated)

107
Q

Slow pathway contains which fibres?

A

C fibres (unmyelinated)

108
Q

Theory that suggests that incoming pain signals must pass through a gate in the spinal cord that can be closed, which may block ascending pain signals.

A

Gate control theory

109
Q

System that monitors positions of body parts

A

Kinesthetic system

110
Q

System that responds/ allows us to orient our bodies in relation to gravity. (found in the inner eaer)

A

Vestibular system

111
Q

3 tubes in the inner ear that monitor fluid flow (past of vestibular system)

A

Semicircular canals

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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