Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Flashcards
Which of the following is TRUE about psychology?
a) Psychology applies superstitious thinking to practical problems.
b) Since its inception, its focus, methods, and explanatory models have changed.
c) Psychology ignores the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behaviour.
d) Psychology is not a science.
b) Since its inception, its focus, methods, and explanatory models have changed.
Psychology’s intellectual parents are philosophy and what other discipline?
a) Physiology
b) Phrenology
c) Phlebotomy
d) Philanthropy
a) Physiology
Which school of thought emerged through the leadership of Edward Titchener?
Structuralism
The careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience is known as
Introspection
Dalani believes that most of the time people are unaware that seemingly overt behaviours are actually guided by unconscious motivation. Dalani’s beliefs are most in line with which psychologist?
Sigmund Freud
Stella discloses to you that she has had a lot of stress with her job, and she has not been sleeping well at night. She adds that when she does sleep, she has disturbing dreams that she is being chased, or that she is falling. Using psychoanalytic thought, you determine that
a) Stella would like her job better if she would reward herself for her good performance.
b) Stella needs to explore whether she needs a sleep-aid.
c) Stella’s stressors at work are at an unconscious level, which is being manifested in her dreams.
d) Stella needs to implement new behavioural strategies at work to reduce her stress.
c) Stella’s stressors at work are at an unconscious level, which is being manifested in her dreams.
Chloe wanted to show Alice her new outfit for a party they were to attend. Alice initially told Chloe that her look was shameless but, seeing Alice’s shocked expression, she immediately covered her mouth and explained that she meant to say that her look was seamless, not shameless. Alice apologized for misspeaking. What would Freud say about Alice’s “slip of the tongue”?
a) Alice consciously meant what she said. The outfit was hideous.
b) Using introspection, Alice could determine why she had made the mistake.
c) It was a simple mistake; after all, the words do sound a bit alike.
d) Alice may not have consciously wanted to insult her friend, but her slip of the tongue revealed her true feelings.
d) Alice may not have consciously wanted to insult her friend, but her slip of the tongue revealed her true feelings.
Isaiah is training his new puppy to sit on command. He often rewards the puppy with a treat when it follows his commands. Isaiah is using the principles of which school of thought?
Behaviourism
Jack received two seatbelt violations in two months. Today, when you are in the car with Jack, you note that he now will not put his car into gear until he and any passengers in the car are wearing their seatbelts. Using a behaviourist approach, you infer that
a) the consequences of the citations caused Jack to make a concerted effort to change his behaviour with regard to wearing his seatbelt.
b) Jack is only doing it today as he does not want you nagging him.
c) Jack has likely become more safety conscious since he has received citations.
d) Jack wants to model good behaviour to his passengers.
a) the consequences of the citations caused Jack to make a concerted effort to change his behaviour with regard to wearing his seatbelt.
Ricardo, a psychologist, believes that his clients have an innate drive toward personal growth and fulfilling their potentials. It is likely that Ricardo is what type of psychologist?
Humanist
Your friend Adijan wants to conduct a research study on motivation in humans. He plans to train young rats to run a maze in order to receive a reward at the end. You take a humanist approach and explain to Adijan that
animal research will not yield data that applies to humans, as humans are very diverse.
Zadok is working on his degree in psychology. He states that he would like to work diagnosing and treating psychological problems and disorders. In which branch of psychology would Zadok be working?
Clinical psychology
The term cognition refers to
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
Among the following, which has likely contributed to the growth in cultural diversity in psychology?
a) The growing population of North America
b) Growing global interdependence
c) Better and more advanced psychological testing
d) A renewed interest in structuralism
b) Growing global interdependence
You are talking to a psychologist who tells you that the field of psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathologies and disorders. What branch of psychology does this person likely do research in?
Positive psychology
One who is interested in interpersonal relationships may be in what field of research?
Social psychology
Which specialty in psychology works with individuals experiencing everyday problems, such as career or marriage issues?
Counselling
To say that psychology is empirical means that its conclusions are based on?
Direct observation
You believe that there is a strong correlation between what children are exposed to in their environment, such as what they watch on television and their gaming, and their levels of aggressive behaviours. Your study partner believes that aggressive behaviours are evolutionary and innate, and that environment has less of an influence than you think. This difference in beliefs between you and your partner may illustrate that
a) behaviours are too ambiguous to be studied, making it impossible to know who is correct.
b) the causes of aggressive behaviour are actually due to neurological impairment.
c) the explanations for behaviour are multifaceted.
d) since the unconscious controls behaviour, you are both incorrect.
c) the explanations for behaviour are multifaceted.
Which of the following BEST describes the role of a theory in psychology?
a) Psychoanalytic theory is the dominant theory of psychology.
b) It is a way to test a hypothesis.
c) It is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
d) Each major school of psychology is dependent on a single theory.
c) It is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
Which disciplines influenced the development of psychology?
Philolsophy and physiology
What are behavioural psychologists most likely to research?
links between observable environmental events and observable behavioural responses
Who is most closely linked with the psychoanalytic approach to psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Which psychological approach is most responsible for the increase in animal research?
Behaviourism
Whose research focused on the links between brain activity and emotional responses, such as pleasure and rage?
James Olds
What did Wilhelm Wundt believe that psychologists should study?
consciousness, or the awareness of immediate experience
Which term refers to psychologists who research how people adapt their behaviour to meet the demands of the real world?
functionalist
What aspect of Freud’s theory was the most controversial?
his emphasis on sexuality and sexual urges
Which theoretical perspective are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow most closely associated with?
Humanistic
Which areas of psychology focus on the integration of research on consciousness and physiology?
Cognition and behavioural neuroscience
What are cognitive psychologists primarily interested in understanding?
higher mental processes, such as memory, language, and creativity
Jane plans to go to graduate school to study changes that occur during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Which area is she most likely to study?
developmental psychology
Among the major research areas in psychology, what is the primary area of interest for the largest number of psychologists?
Developmental Psychology
What characterizes physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders?
They are psychiatrists with an M.D. degree.
According to a 2015 survey conducted by the Canadian Psychological Association, what is the most common work setting for individuals who have a graduate degree in psychology?
Academia (26%)
What would a social psychologist be interested in researching?
attitude formation, prejudice, and intimate relationships
Lisa is interested in the impact of brain injuries on individual behaviour. What research area best represents this interest?
Behavioural neuroscience
According to the APA, developmental psychology is the most common research specialization. Which specialization is identified as the second most common?
Social psychology
What is the primary focus of clinical psychologists?
to evaluate, diagnose, and treat people with psychological disorders
Currently, what is the most popular professional specialty in psychology?
clinical psychology
