Chapter 4 Reproduction And Human Development

Question 1

What is a mode of reproduction?

Answer 1

Dominant cultural pattern by which a population pattern of a society changed in relation to fertility and motility rate

Question 2

How do anthropologists study reproduction?

Answer 2

• in relation to production systems

- how cultural practice influence the production and reproductive process

Question 3

Describe reproduction in foraging societies

Answer 3

• moderate birth and death rates
• value of children: moderate
• long birth intervals
• low fat diet for women
• prolonged breast feeding
• induced abortion and infanticide

Question 4

Describe reproduction in agricultural societies?

Answer 4

• high growth rate
• very high number of children (family’s need labourers)
• increased reliance on direct means of birth control
• gender division of labour values work

Question 5

Describe reproduction in industrial societies?

Answer 5

• negative population growth
• invest more resources in fewer children
• birth control personal option instead of social expectation
• management of reproduction now very highly specialized

Question 6

How did roles change from agriculture to industrialization

Answer 6

Women became part workers because of consumer patterns effecting birth rare

Question 7

What is the demographic transition

Answer 7

Refers to long term historical trend in fertility and mortality

Question 8

What are the three distinguishing fetchers in the industrial mode of reproduction

Answer 8

1. Stratified reproduction
2. Population aging
3. high uses of medical technologies in all aspects of pregnancy

Question 9

What is stratified reproduction

Answer 9

• related to class and ethnicity
• income and social inequality
• race
• roles of state and policies

Question 10

What influences when to start having sex/babies and stop having sex and babies and how many children to have?

Answer 10

• cultural guidelines
• government policies
• international organizations

Question 11

What are the three levels of fertility decision making?

Answer 11

• family
• state
• global

Question 12

What is personality?

Answer 12

• an individuals patterned and characteristic way of behaving thinking and feeling
• gained largely from enculturation
• “internalization of culture” -can change (personality flexibility

Question 13

What are some factors that may shape personality?

Answer 13

• birth settings
• parent child bonding
• sex and gender

Question 14

Describe horticulture and industrial construction of personality

Answer 14

Horticulture - nurturant responsible personality (caring and sharing)
Industrial - dependent dominant personality (dominance toward other children, need more care from others) (narcissistic personality)

Question 15

What are the arguments about gender biological or anthropological?

Answer 15

Biological constructed approach - personality is in the chromosome
Cultural constructed approach - if all in the chromosome then all boys/ girls should be the same through history and no teaching is needed

Question 16

What the difference between puberty and adolescence

Answer 16

Puberty is biological (able to have sex) adolescence is cultural (when it’s acceptable to have sex (grow up))

Question 17

What are coming on age rituals?

Answer 17

-initiation rituals

Often involve body modification, including cutting or scaring

Question 18

What is a rite of passage?

Answer 18

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another

Question 19

Van Gennep distinguished these three components in tires of passage rituals

Answer 19

• Rights of separation
• Rites of transformation (liminal stage)
• Rites of reincorporation

Question 20

What is gender pluralism?

Answer 20

The existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate

Question 21

What is a “third gender”

Answer 21

Some cultures permit the expression of varied forms of sexual orientation

Question 22

What is the berdache?

Answer 22

A third gender that is biologically a man but performs female gender roles

Question 23

Describe the cultural construction of personality in aldulthood

Answer 23

• parent hood (acting responsibly- culture based )
• middle age (midlife crisis)
• old age (nonindustrial cultures respect elders more)

Question 24

What is matrescence ? Patrescence)

Answer 24

Matre- cultural process of becoming a mother

Patre - cultural process of becoming a father

Question 25

What is couade?

Answer 25

Customs males adopt in a culture to become a father during or just after the baby is born