Chapter 4: Privacy

Question 1

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Answer 1

A wide-ranging act that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a 10-year period and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records, such as banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails and encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.

Question 2

Bill of Rights

Answer 2

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution that spell out additional rights of individuals.

Question 3

Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

Answer 3

An act implemented in 1998 in an attempt to give parents control over the collection, use, and disclosure of their children’s personal information.

Question 4

Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)
cookie

Answer 4

An act passed in 1994 that amended the Wiretap Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which required the telecommunications industry to build tools into its products that federal investigators could use—after obtaining a court order—to eavesdrop on conversations and intercept electronic

Question 5

Cookie

Answer 5

Text files that can be downloaded to the hard drives of users who visit a website, so that the website is able to identify visitors on subsequent visits.

Question 6

Cyberloafing

Answer 6

Using the Internet for purposes unrelated to work such as posting to Facebook, sending personal emails or Instant messages, or shopping online.

Question 7

Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)

Answer 7

An act that deals with the protection of three main issues: (1) the protection of communications while in transfer from sender to receiver; (2) the protection of communications held in electronic storage; and (3) the prohibition of devices from recording dialing, routing, addressing, and signaling information

Question 8

electronic discovery (e-discovery)

Answer 8

The collection, preparation, review, and production of electronically stored information for use in criminal and civil actions and proceedings.

Question 9

electronically stored information (ESI)

Answer 9

Any form of digital information, including emails, drawings, graphs, web pages, photographs, word-processing files, sound recordings, and databases stored on any form of magnetic storage device, including hard

Question 10

European Union Data Protection Directive

Answer 10

A directive that requires any company doing business within the borders of the countries comprising the European Union (EU) to implement a set of privacy directives on the fair and

Question 11

Fair Credit Reporting Act

Answer 11

An act that regulates the operations of credit-reporting bureaus, including how they collect, store, and use credit information.

Question 12

Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

Answer 12

An amendment to the Fair Credit Reporting Act passed in 2003 that allows consumers to request and obtain a free credit report once each year from each of the three primary consumer credit reporting companies (Equifax,

Question 13

fair information practices

Answer 13

A term for a set of guidelines that govern the collection and use of personal data.

Question 14

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Answer 14

A federal law that assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children’s educational records.

Question 15

FISA COURT

Answer 15

Created by the FISA, this court meets in secret to hear applications for orders approving electronic surveillance anyw

Question 16

Foreign Intelligence

Answer 16

Information relating to the capabilities, intentions, or activities of foreign governments or agents of foreign governments or foreign organizations.

Question 17

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008

Answer 17

An act that granted NSA expanded authority to collect, without court-approved warrants, international communications as they flow through U.S. telecommunications network equipment and facilities.

Question 18

First Amendment

Answer 18

An amendment to the United States Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable government searches and is often invoked to protect the privacy of government employees.

Question 19

Freedom of Information (FOIA) Act

Answer 19

A law that grants citizens the right to access certain information and records of federal, state, and local governments upon request.

Question 20

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)

Answer 20

A bank deregulation law that repealed a Depression-era law known as Glass–Steagall and requires companies that offer consumers financial products or services like loans, financial or investment advice, or insurance—to explain their information-sharing practices to their customers and to safeguard sensitive data.

Question 21

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Answer 21

An act designed to improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage; to reduce fraud, waste, and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery; and to simplify the administration of health insurance.

Question 22

Information Privacy

Answer 22

The combination of communications privacy and data privacy.

Question 23

litigation hold notice

Answer 23

Instructions sent by organizations to inform its employees (or employees of the opposing party) to save relevant data and to suspend data that might be due to be destroyed based on normal data-retention rules.

Question 24

National Security Letter (NSL)

Answer 24

Compels holders of your personal records to turn them over to the government; an NSL is not subject to judicial review or oversight.

Question 25

NSL gag Provision

Answer 25

Prohibits National Security Letter (NSL) recipients from informing anyone, even the person who is the subject of the NSL request, that the government has secretly requested his or her records.

Question 26

OPT IN

Answer 26

To give an organization the right to share personal data, such as annual earnings, net worth, employers, personal investment information, loan amounts, and Social Security numbers, to other organizations.

Question 27

OPT OUT

Answer 27

To refuse to give an organization the right to collect and share personal data with unaffiliated parties.

Question 28

PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011

Answer 28

An act that granted a four-year extension of two key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act that allowed roving wiretaps and searches of business records.

Question 29

Pen register

Answer 29

A device that records electronic impulses to identify the numbers dialed for outgoing calls.

Question 30

Predictive coding

Answer 30

A process that couples human guidance with computer-driven concept searching in order to “train” document review software to recognize relevant documents within a large collection of documents.

Question 31

Privacy Act

Answer 31

Establishes a code of fair information practices that sets rules for the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal data that is kept in systems of records by federal agencies.

Question 32

Right of Privacy

Answer 32

“the right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people.”

Question 33

Right to Financial Privacy Act

Answer 33

An act that protects the records of financial institution customers from unauthorized scrutiny by the federal government.

Question 34

stalking app

Answer 34

A cell phone spy software that can be loaded onto someone’s cell phone or smartphone within minutes, making it possible for the user to perform location tracking, record calls, view every text message or picture sent or received, and record the URLs of

Question 35

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Answer 35

A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Wiretap Act.

Question 36

transborder data flow

Answer 36

The flow of personal data across national boundaries.

Question 37

trap and trace

Answer 37

A device that records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number.

Question 38

U.S. Person

Answer 38

Under FISA, it is defined as a U.S. citizen, permanent resident, or company.

Question 39

USA Freedom Act

Answer 39

An act passed following startling revelations by Edward Snowden of secret NSA surveillance programs, which terminated the bulk collection of telephone metadata by the NSA.

Question 40

USA PATRIOT Act

Answer 40

An act passed 5 weeks after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It gave sweeping new powers both to domestic law enforcement and U.S. international intelligence agencies, including increasing the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, email, medical, financial, and other records.

Question 41

vehicle event data recorder (EDR)

Answer 41

A device that records vehicle and occupant data for a few seconds before, during, and after any vehicle crash that is severe enough to deploy the vehicle’s air bags.

Question 42

Wiretap Act

Answer 42

A law that regulates the interception of wire (telephone) and oral communications; also known as the Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act.