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developmental psychology > chapter 4: prenatal development > Flashcards

chapter 4: prenatal development Flashcards

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1
Q

prenatal development

A

the development of humans before they’re born

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2
Q

postnatal development

A

the development of humans after they’re born, especially in infancy

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3
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

o Zygote – first two weeks
o Embryo – 2-10 weeks (the period when organs develop)
o Foetus – after week 10 until birth

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4
Q

indirect methods for studying prenatal development

A

non-human models of prenatal changes in brain and behaviour + human embryos and foetuses that died + testing perception and memory of neonates (infants who’re less than a month old)

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5
Q

direct methods of studying prenatal development

A

measurement of autonomic nervous system activity with external stimulation + phenotypes (characteristics, capacities and patterns of activity) + placing a foetal ultrasound cardiotocograph sensor around the maternal abdomen that can record the heartrate and movement + using fMRI and MEG

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6
Q

aproptosis

A

programmed death of cells

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7
Q

when does organogenesis end

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

stages of zygote

A

o Zygote – day 1, fertilized egg
o Morula – day 3, ball of 16 cell, cell differentiation starts
o Blastula – day 4-7, cavity arises, embryo arises out of inner cells, implantation in uterus

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9
Q

what’s gastrulation

A

formation of the 3 germ layers by migration and differentiation of blastula cells

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10
Q

layers of blastula cells

A

ectoderm - skin, hair and nervous system
mesoderm - muscles and bones
endoderm - most other organs

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11
Q

neurulation

A

ectoderm - neural plate (18 days) - neural tube (cranial-caudal organization)

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12
Q

when are cells for different parts of the brain differentiated

A

18 days

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13
Q

what happens when the closing of the neural tube fails

A

spina bifida (open back) + anencephaly or open skull (usually miscarriage or death shortly after birth)
folic acid during first 12 weeks - helps

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14
Q

neurogenesis

A

the birth of neurons

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the area of the brain that is associated with complex tasks (memory, language, thoughts, control and integration of movement and the senses)

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16
Q

when do cerebral hemispheres begin to arise

A

9 weeks

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17
Q

when do the cells in the cerebral hemisphere proliferate and migrate

A

4 months

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18
Q

when is the surface no longer smooth and what appears then

A

6 months, sulci (groove), gyri (ridges)

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19
Q

when does the process of inhibition become function and what happens then

A

15 weeks - period of reorganisation of behaviours – reflexive neuronal circuits are still in place, now controlled by more sophisticated nerve cells in the new higher centres

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20
Q

when is the number of cells in the cerebral cortex mature

A

27 weeks - but at birth the brain is only at about 25% of its full adult volume (myelination)

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21
Q

lobes and their function

A

Frontal lobes – associated with movement, parietal lobes – sensations, temporal lobes – hearing, memory, sense of self and time, occipital lobes – visual centre of the brain
+Association cortex – surrounds the primary sensory areas, longer development (concerned with higher cognitive and integrative function that develop with experience)

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22
Q

what brain regions are the same and different than adult?

A

Same – sensory and motor networks
Different – emotion and control

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23
Q

pattern of rest and activity at 34 weeks

A

20-30% of their time in quiet, motion-less sleep with a steady heartbeat and breathing movements that are rhythmic
rest of the time - the same as newborn active sleep - many different body movements, eyes moving rapidly back and forth + heart and breathing rate are irregular + responsive to the sensory stimuli they’re exposed to +fewer general body movements + breathing movements

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24
Q

does the baby move at 38 weeks

A

longer periods of deep sleep - rest periods of about 80-100 minutes

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25
Q

development of touch

A

8 weeks – if the area around the lips is stroked – foetuses will respond by moving
10 weeks – foetuses will curl their fingers in a reflexive grasp when their palm is touched
12 weeks – their toes will curl when soles are touches

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26
Q

rooting reflex

A

the reflex that causes newborn babies to respond to one of their cheeks being touched by turning their head in that direction – helps them nurse

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27
Q

chemosensory system

A

encompasses both the gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) senses

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28
Q

how can infants experience taste stimulants

A

mouth, nose, blood

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29
Q

when are nose plugs gone

A

4th month

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30
Q

when is the constitution of amniotic fluid is increasingly dependent on foetal urination

A

second ja; f pf tje [regmamcu

31
Q

are some taste preferences learned in utero

A

yes, newborns turn their heads in the directions of smells present in their mother’s diet (anise, garlic, carrot juice)

32
Q

colostrum

A

the breast fluid that comes before true milk – rich in minerals and antibodies, helps populate the newborn’s gut with good bacteria

33
Q

vestibular system

A

the sensory system that contributes to balance and spatial orientation

34
Q

when do infants show the righting reflex and what is that useful for

A

25 weeks - turning their heads downwards for birth

35
Q

when do babies move

A

when the mother isn’t - vestibular stimulation

36
Q

preterm

A

born prematurely, anything before 38 weeks

37
Q

what’s improved if the incubator is rocked

A

weight gain, visual responsiveness, and later expressive language development

38
Q

circadian rhythm

A

bodily cycles within the body that occur on a 24-hour cycle

39
Q

what’s kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the preterm infant over 24 days

40
Q

when are eyelids no longer fused shut

A

5-7 months

41
Q

when do eyes start forming

A

5th week

42
Q

how do eyes develop

A

balloons fold inwards, retina develops (function – capture the light entering the eye through rods and cones (develop from the optic cup) and convert it into electrical impulses) + the outer wall forms a pigment-containing layer that absorbs the light + nutritive network of blood vessels

43
Q

timeline of eye development

A

2nd month – the lens begins to develop + the eyelids and muscles that move the eyes + the iris
3rd month – the eyelids have fused together + the cornea is forming layers
6th month – all the muscles that move the eyeball are in place
16th to 23rd week - eye movements begin

44
Q

can premature babies see

A

26 weeks yes - distinguish light from datk

45
Q

the visual pathway

A

connects the light-sensitive cells in the eye (rods and cones) to the brain – deals with the transmission and interpretation of the electrical impulses encoding the visual information that enters the eye

46
Q

what’s the relay station

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

47
Q

when do the nerve fibbers interconnect with the LGN

A

end of the first ttimester

48
Q

straite cortex

A

in the occipital lobe, part of the brain concerned with basic visual function
Surrounding areas – perceptual processes – interpretation of sensory information (development by the end of the third trimester)

49
Q

when does the development of the auditory system begin

A

6th week

50
Q

what can fetuses hear

A

mother’s heartbeats, borborygmi (gastrointestinal sounds), mother’s voice

51
Q

when do foetal motor and heart rate responses to external sounds start

A

26th week

52
Q

transnatal learning

A

learning that occurs during the prenatal period which is remembered during the postnatal period

53
Q

what was found about habituation in the prenatal period

A

35th week is important
35-37 weeks habituated and dishabituated, 32-34 weeks just mostly habituated

54
Q

research on hearing heartbeats

A

Intrauterine sounds calm neonates – but some research called the soothing effect of heartbeat sound into question (failure to replicate + neonatal arousal response to sound dependents upon many variables such as characteristics of the stimulus, infant’s initial state and the experimenter’s choice of response)

55
Q

how do infants react to mother’s voice compared to a stranger’s voice 2 hours after birth

A

more movement + sucked to activate the recording of it more frequently

56
Q

when can infants discriminate languages

A

4 days after birth, 2 days old show a preference for their maternal language

57
Q

critical period

A

Period with specific development is optimal (sensitive period)
Period in which system is vulnerable for lesions

58
Q

perinatal

A

just before and after birth

59
Q

breakdown of congenital defects

A

10-15% - genetic factors
10% - environmental agents

60
Q

what causes chromosomal defects

A

an error in the separation of chromosomes into appropriate daughter cells: meiotic cell division – the type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms which halves the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells

61
Q

risk for Down’s syndrome by age

A

at 20 is 1/2000, at 30 it’s 1/1000, by 37 it’s 1/200

62
Q

what can the age of the father cause

A

schizophrenia, autism, dwarfism

63
Q

autosomal genetic disorders and examples

A

resulting from a mutation in a gene in one of the non-sex chromosomes
Sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington’s disease, Marfan syndrome
Ashkenazi Jews – 1/30 is a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease, African Americans – 8/100 carriers of the sickle cell gene

64
Q

adverse outcomes of heavy maternal alcohol consumption

A

risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature placental separation, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, poor development, newborn mortality + risk for SIDS

65
Q

how many children of Addis get foetal alcohol syndrome

A

6%

66
Q

factors linked to severity of FAS

A

mother’s drinking behaviour (hard to say how much is harmful), timing of the consumption, mother’s alcohol metabolism (faster digestion – less damage), mother’s age, genetic predisposition, mother’s lifestyle

67
Q

prenatal influence of smoking

A

Babies weigh 100-200g less + twice the risk for foetal growth restrictions + risk for prematurity and perinatal complications (premature detachment of the placenta) + two to threefold increase for SIDS + o Behavioural problems and cognitive weakness + problems with attention, visuoperceptual processing and speech processing

68
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitior (SSRI) – a class of drugs used to treat depression or anxiety

69
Q

microcephaly

A

small skull, limited brain growth (often in combination with intellectual disability and organ defects)
- Zika virus: spread by mosquitoes, >1000 cases where the mother was infected and the child developed microcephaly

70
Q

what are calcium and iron needed for

A

calcium - for foetal bone, muscle and transmitter production
iron - red blood cell and tissue production

71
Q

developmental programming

A

the hypothesis that prenatal conditions have detrimental effects on health into adulthood

72
Q

timing of nutrition - diseases

A

o Early – diabetes, CVD, breast cancer, depression, schizophrenia, obesity
o Middle – diabetes, lung diseases, kidney diseases
o Late – diabetes

73
Q

dutch pregnant women in WWII

A

risk of having schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder or mood disorder (2nd and 3rd trimester)

74
Q

reflex behaviors at birth

A

breathing, rooting, sucking, swallowing + toe-curling reflex, finger-grasping reflex, startle reflex + stepping reflex

developmental psychology (9 decks)

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