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developmental psychology > chapter 1: methods > Flashcards

chapter 1: methods Flashcards

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1
Q

maturation + example

A

aspects of development that are largely under genetic control, uninfluenced by environmental factors (puberty)

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2
Q

folk theories of development

A

ideas held about development that aren’t based upon scientific investigation

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3
Q

paradigm/model/world hypothesis

A

a pattern or sample applied to a theoretical or philosophical framewrok

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4
Q

organismic world view

A

the idea that people are inherently active and continually interacting with the environment - shape their own development

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5
Q

what’s important for organismic world view

A

when do different stages happen and what represents the differences between stages + are there transitions

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6
Q

mechanistic world view

A

the idea that a person can be represented as being like a machine - passive until stimulated by the environment

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7
Q

what’s important for the mechanistic world view

A

environmental factors which determine how organism react to stimulation and what are the changes in behaviour

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8
Q

what are the designs for studying development

A

cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential, microgenetic

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9
Q

cross sectional design

A

a study where children of different ages are observed at a single point in time

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10
Q

what’s the most common method

A

cross-sectional

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11
Q

downsides of cross-sectional

A

only describes age differences, no way to derive continuity or discontinuity + we don’t know why differences arise

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12
Q

longitudinal design

A

a study where more than one observation of the same group of children is made at different points in their development

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13
Q

what do longitudinal studies allow

A

assessing within person changes and between person changes

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14
Q

developmental functions

A

plots of group averages as a function of age

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15
Q

what does finding no association in longitudinal studies mean

A

no measurement equivalence, too much noise in measurements, no stability of the measured construct

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16
Q

strengths of longitudinal

A

effects can’t be attributed to cohort differences, association between measurements at different ages, individual curves of development

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17
Q

weaknesses of longitudinal

A

expensive, waiting a long time for results, dropout of subjects, different measurement instruments, possible practice effects, not always possible to generalize to other cohorts

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18
Q

cohort

A

a group of children raised in the same environment or who share certain demographic characteristics

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19
Q

sequential design

A

a combination of longitudinal and cross sectional designs that examines the development of individuals from different age cohorts

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20
Q

example of sequential design

A

adults in different age groups (cross-sectional) were tested twice seven years apart (longitudinal)

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21
Q

micro genetic method

A

examines change as it occurs and involve individual children being tested repeatedly, typically over a short period of time

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22
Q

example of longitudinal vs micro genetic

A

height - might seem continual if longitudinal, but isn’t

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23
Q

cohort effects examples

A

height, attitudes, leisure activities, everyday life, IQ

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24
Q

observational studies

A

studies in which behavior is observed and recorded, and the researcher doesn’t attempt to influence the individual’s natural behavior

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25
Q

when are observational studies used

A

when people can’t reliably complete questionnaires or don’t understand questions

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26
Q

what complicates observational studies

A

selectivity, subjectivity, absence of base rate

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27
Q

molecular vs molar approach

A

molecular - the more objective and higher the reliability of the assessor, molar - more interpretation

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28
Q

where can observational studies happen

A

lab, simulated setting, natural environment

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29
Q

types of observational studies

A

baby biographies, time and event sampling, clinical method

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30
Q

baby biographies

A

diaries detailing an infant’s development

31
Q

who made baby biographies and what did they found

A

Darwin with his eldest son - seeing, hearing, anger, moral sense

32
Q

weakness of baby biographies

A

problems of generalization, observations can be unsystematic, retrospective, observers may have strong theoretical biases

33
Q

strengths of baby biographies

A

the biographers can give details about subtle changes, observations can lead to the production of theories that can be further tested

34
Q

time sampling

A

observational study that records an individual’s behavior at frequent intervals of time

35
Q

criticism of time sampling

A

may not get an accurate record of the amount of time spent in different behaviors, behaviors might be missed

36
Q

event sampling (continuous sampling)

A

observational study which records what happens during particular events

37
Q

the clinical method

A

research method where natural behavior is observed and then the individual’s environment is changed in order to understand better the behavior of interest

38
Q

who did the clinical method with their children

A

piaget

39
Q

experimental methods

A

control an individual’s environment in systematic ways in attempt to identify which variables influence the behavior of interest

40
Q

softenon incident

A

pregnant women in 50s and 60s given medication against sickness - children born with severe malformations in limbs and fertility problems

41
Q

structured observation

A

an observational study in which the independent variable is systematically controlled and varied, the investigator observes behavior - less control than experiment

42
Q

structured observation

A

an observational study in which the independent variable is systematically controlled and varied, the investigator observes behavior - less control than enviornmentexper

43
Q

car experiment (pictures)

A

4 levels of pictures: realistic, black and white, colored line drawing, line drawing
at 9 months children reached, at 15 months nothing and at 19 - pointed

44
Q

how do experiments try to exclude alternative explanations

A

matching of groups and partial correlation (partial out the variance that can be observed within correlations that you don’t want - take gender as a control variable)

45
Q

psychological tests

A

instruments for the quantitative assessment of some psychological attribute or attributes of a person

46
Q

what kinds of tests are there

A

of motor development, personality development, aptitudes, achievement, motivation, self-esteem, reading ability, intelligence

47
Q

how do tests of infants look like

A

careful observations

48
Q

what personality traits are consistent

A

shy/bold and aggression

49
Q

personality trait

A

facet of a person’s character that is relatively stable

50
Q

where are tests used

A

clinical and educational assessmnet

51
Q

measurement equivalence

A

measurements at different ages allow for the same interpretation

52
Q

what is a good predictor of IQ

A

habituation speed

53
Q

reliability

A

how many measurement errors (test-retest, internal consistency, interrater reliability)

54
Q

validity

A

am I measuring what I want to measure (construct validity, ecological validity, predictive validity)

55
Q

CORRELATIONAL STUDIES

A

studies that examine if two variables vary systematically in relation to each other

56
Q

types of correlational studies

A

concurrent (studying the relationship between variables that are measured at the same time) and predictive (finding out if people retain their relative standing or rank order relative to others over time)

57
Q

neurodevelopment studies

A

understanding brain development and its relation to developments in perceptual, cognitive, social and motor skills

58
Q

marker test

A

a method designed to elicit a behavior with a known neural basis - monkeys + babies and MTL

59
Q

imagining methods

A

EEG, PET, fMRI

60
Q

EEG

A

a scalp recording done with electrodes that measure electrical activity produced by the neurons - good for timing bad for place

61
Q

ERP

A

scalp recording in which brain activity is mounted during the presentation of specific perceptual events

62
Q

PET

A

an imaging method measuring cortical activity, measures blood flow to tissues in the body - requires injections of radioactive isotope (not used with children)

63
Q

fMRI

A

measures blood flow, records through a strong magnetic field which detects differences in concentration throughout the brain

64
Q

disadvantages of fMRI

A

expensive, people have to keep very still, magnet is noisy

65
Q

ecological validity

A

the results obtained form a study are ecologically valid if they’re meaningful in the real world

66
Q

social policies

A

actions, rules, and laws aimed at solving social problems or attaining social goals

67
Q

developmental functions

A

typical trends in development - behavior on the y axis and time on the x axis

68
Q

continuous function (a)

A

increasing ability - inteligence

69
Q

continuous function b

A

decreasing ability - distinguishing non-native speech sounds

70
Q

discontinuous function

A

development takes place in series of stage, where each new stage appears to be quantitively different from the previous one - Motor movement, speech, theory of mind?, moral judgement

71
Q

u shaped functions

A

behavior very good, decreases and then increases - coordinated step-like movements at birth

72
Q

inverted u function

A

very common - improve in the early years, level off, get worse with age - babbling, turning head towards sound

73
Q

why is it useful to plot more than one developmental function on the same graph

A

ex: auditory localization vs orientation to schematic faces - competition

developmental psychology (9 decks)

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