Chapter 4: Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( Table 4.3)

Question 1

Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium for product stability (ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, moniethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate , sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, trolamine)

Answer 1

Alkali zing agent

Question 2

Agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical and chemical (chemisorption) means ( powdered cellulose, activated charcoal)

Answer 2

Adsorbent

Question 3

Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when the valve is opened ( carbon dioxide, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichloromonofluoromethane)

Answer 3

Aerosol propellant

Question 4

Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed container to enhance product stability ( nitrogen, carbon dioxide)

Answer 4

Air displacement

Question 5

Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually enhanced by use in combination. ( butyparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, benzoin acid, propyl paraben, sodium benzocaine, sodium propionate)

Answer 5

Antifungal preservative

Question 6

Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of microorganisms ( benzalkonium chloride)

Answer 6

Antimicrobial preservative

Question 7

Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by oxidation ( ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hydrophosphorous acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde, sulfoxylate, sodium metabisulfite)

Answer 7

Antioxidant

Question 8

Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali ( potassium meta phosphate, potassium phosphate, monobasic, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate)

Answer 8

Buffering agent

Question 9

Substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals;used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents ( edetic acid, edetate disodium)

Answer 9

Chelating agent

Question 10

Used to impart color to liquid and solid ( e.g. Tablets and capsules) preparations ( caramel, ferric oxide, red)

Answer 10

Colorant

Question 11

Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities( bentonite)

Answer 11

Clarifying agent

Question 12

Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in chick it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., cream) ( acacia, cetomacrogol, Cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene 50 stearate)

Answer 12

Emulsifying agent

Question 13

Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration ( gelatin)

Answer 13

Encapsulating agent

Question 14

Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. in addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used (anise oil, cinnamon oil, cocoa, menthol, orange oil, peppermint oil, vanillin)

Answer 14

Flavorant

Question 15

Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams ( glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol)

Answer 15

Humectant

Question 16

Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar ( mineral oil, glycerin, propylene glycol)

Answer 16

Levigating agent

Question 17

Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments ( lanolin, hydrophilic ointment, polyethylene glycol ointment, petrolatum, hydrophilic petrolatum, white ointment, yellow ointment, rose water ointment)

Answer 17

Ointment base

Question 18

Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, breads and granules ( diethyl phthalate, glycerin)

Answer 18

Plasticizer

Question 19

Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution;may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. sterile solvents are used in certain preparations. ( e.g. Injections) ( alcohol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, glycerin, isopropyl alcohol, mineral oil, oleic acid, peanut oil, purified water, water for injection, sterile water for injection, sterile water for irrigation )

Answer 19

Solvent

Question 20

Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment ( Cetyl alcohol, Cetyl esters wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, white wax, yellow wax)

Answer 20

Stiffening agent

Question 21

Vehicle for suppositories (cocoa butter, polyethylene glycols (mixtures), PEG 3350)

Answer 21

Suppository base

Question 22

Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension. may be used as wetting agents, detergents or, emulsifying agents ( benzalkonium chloride, nonoxynol 10, octoxynol 9, polysorbate 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan monopalmitate)

Answer 22

Surfactant ( surface active agent)

Question 23

Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, topical or other route ( agar, bentonite, carbomer, corboxymethylcellulose, sodium, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, kaolin, tragacanth, veegum)

Answer 23

Suspending agent

Question 24

Used to import sweetness to a preparation ( aspartame, dextrose, glycerin, mannitol, saccharin sodium, sorbitol, sucrose)

Answer 24

Sweetening agent

Question 25

Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches and dies during production ( magnesium strearate)

Answer 25

Tablet adherents

Question 26

Substances used to cause adhesion of powder particles in tablet granulations ( acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, compressible sugar, ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, methylcellulose, povidone, pregelatinized starch)

Answer 26

Tablet binders

Question 27

Inert filter to create a desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics of tablets and capsules ( dibasic calcium phosphate, kaolin, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, precipitated calcium carbonate, sorbitol, starch)

Answer 27

Tablet and capsule diluent

Question 28

Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, to provide a desired release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes.

Answer 28

Tablet coating agent

Question 29

Coating may be sugar, film, or thick covering around a tablet.

Answer 29

Tablet-coating agent

Question 30

Generally start to breakup in the stomach ( liquid glucose, sucrose)

Answer 30

Sugar coated tablets ( sugar coating)

Question 31

Passes through the stomach to break up in the intestines ( cellulose acetate phthalate, shellac, pharmaceutical glaze)

Answer 31

Enteric coating

Question 32

Used to slow the release of drug in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 32

Some water insoluble coatings (e.g. Ethylcellulose)

Question 33

Forms a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead ( hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(e.g., methocel), ethlcellulose ( e.g., ethocel)

Answer 33

Film ( film coating)

Question 34

Used in direct compression tablet formulation ( dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab)

Answer 34

Tablet direct compression excipient

Question 35

Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass into smaller particles more readily dispersed or dissolved ( alginic acid, polacrilin potassium (e,g., amberlite), sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, starch)

Answer 35

Tablet disintegrant

Question 36

Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flow properties of the powder mixture ( colloidal silica, cornstarch, talc)

Answer 36

Tablet glidant

Question 37

Used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during tablet compression( calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, stearin acid, zinc stearate)

Answer 37

Tablet lubricant

Question 38

Used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or with a colorant ( titanium dioxide)

Answer 38

Tablet or capsule opaquant

Question 39

Used to import an attractive sheen to coated tablets ( carnauba wax, white wax)

Answer 39

Tablet polishing agent

Question 40

Used to render solution similar in osmotic-dextrose characteristics to physiologic fluids, for example, in ophthalmic, parenteral, and irrigation fluids ( sodium chloride)

Answer 40

Tonicity agent

Question 41

Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids for oral and parenteral administration

Answer 41

Vehicle

Question 42

Oral liquids

Answer 42

Aqueous (e.g., syrups) or hydrochloric ( e.g., elixirs)

Question 43

Solutions for intravenous use

Answer 43

Aqueous

Question 44

Intramuscular injections

Answer 44

Aqueous or oleaginous

Question 45

Used to render preparations more resistant to flow

Answer 45

Viscosity increasing agent

Question 46

Used in suspensions to deter sedimentation, in opthalmic solutions to enhance contact time ( e.g., methylcellulose ), to thicken topical creams, etc

Answer 46

Viscosity increasing agent

Question 47

Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability ( citric acid, acetic acid, fumarole acid, hydrochloride acid, nitric acid)

Answer 47

Acidifying agent