Chapter 4: Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( Table 4.3) Flashcards
Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium for product stability (ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, moniethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate , sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, trolamine)
Alkali zing agent
Agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical and chemical (chemisorption) means ( powdered cellulose, activated charcoal)
Adsorbent
Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when the valve is opened ( carbon dioxide, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichloromonofluoromethane)
Aerosol propellant
Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed container to enhance product stability ( nitrogen, carbon dioxide)
Air displacement
Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually enhanced by use in combination. ( butyparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, benzoin acid, propyl paraben, sodium benzocaine, sodium propionate)
Antifungal preservative
Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of microorganisms ( benzalkonium chloride)
Antimicrobial preservative
Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by oxidation ( ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hydrophosphorous acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde, sulfoxylate, sodium metabisulfite)
Antioxidant
Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali ( potassium meta phosphate, potassium phosphate, monobasic, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate)
Buffering agent
Substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals;used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents ( edetic acid, edetate disodium)
Chelating agent
Used to impart color to liquid and solid ( e.g. Tablets and capsules) preparations ( caramel, ferric oxide, red)
Colorant
Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities( bentonite)
Clarifying agent
Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in chick it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., cream) ( acacia, cetomacrogol, Cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene 50 stearate)
Emulsifying agent
Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration ( gelatin)
Encapsulating agent
Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. in addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used (anise oil, cinnamon oil, cocoa, menthol, orange oil, peppermint oil, vanillin)
Flavorant
Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams ( glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol)
Humectant
Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar ( mineral oil, glycerin, propylene glycol)
Levigating agent
Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments ( lanolin, hydrophilic ointment, polyethylene glycol ointment, petrolatum, hydrophilic petrolatum, white ointment, yellow ointment, rose water ointment)
Ointment base
Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, breads and granules ( diethyl phthalate, glycerin)
Plasticizer
Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution;may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. sterile solvents are used in certain preparations. ( e.g. Injections) ( alcohol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, glycerin, isopropyl alcohol, mineral oil, oleic acid, peanut oil, purified water, water for injection, sterile water for injection, sterile water for irrigation )
Solvent
Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment ( Cetyl alcohol, Cetyl esters wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, white wax, yellow wax)
Stiffening agent
Vehicle for suppositories (cocoa butter, polyethylene glycols (mixtures), PEG 3350)
Suppository base
Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension. may be used as wetting agents, detergents or, emulsifying agents ( benzalkonium chloride, nonoxynol 10, octoxynol 9, polysorbate 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan monopalmitate)
Surfactant ( surface active agent)
Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, topical or other route ( agar, bentonite, carbomer, corboxymethylcellulose, sodium, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, kaolin, tragacanth, veegum)
Suspending agent
Used to import sweetness to a preparation ( aspartame, dextrose, glycerin, mannitol, saccharin sodium, sorbitol, sucrose)
Sweetening agent
Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches and dies during production ( magnesium strearate)
Tablet adherents
Substances used to cause adhesion of powder particles in tablet granulations ( acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, compressible sugar, ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, methylcellulose, povidone, pregelatinized starch)
Tablet binders
Inert filter to create a desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics of tablets and capsules ( dibasic calcium phosphate, kaolin, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, precipitated calcium carbonate, sorbitol, starch)
Tablet and capsule diluent
Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, to provide a desired release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes.
Tablet coating agent
Coating may be sugar, film, or thick covering around a tablet.
Tablet-coating agent
Generally start to breakup in the stomach ( liquid glucose, sucrose)
Sugar coated tablets ( sugar coating)
Passes through the stomach to break up in the intestines ( cellulose acetate phthalate, shellac, pharmaceutical glaze)
Enteric coating
Used to slow the release of drug in the gastrointestinal tract
Some water insoluble coatings (e.g. Ethylcellulose)
Forms a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead ( hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(e.g., methocel), ethlcellulose ( e.g., ethocel)
Film ( film coating)
Used in direct compression tablet formulation ( dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab)
Tablet direct compression excipient
Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass into smaller particles more readily dispersed or dissolved ( alginic acid, polacrilin potassium (e,g., amberlite), sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, starch)
Tablet disintegrant
Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flow properties of the powder mixture ( colloidal silica, cornstarch, talc)
Tablet glidant
Used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during tablet compression( calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, stearin acid, zinc stearate)
Tablet lubricant
Used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or with a colorant ( titanium dioxide)
Tablet or capsule opaquant
Used to import an attractive sheen to coated tablets ( carnauba wax, white wax)
Tablet polishing agent
Used to render solution similar in osmotic-dextrose characteristics to physiologic fluids, for example, in ophthalmic, parenteral, and irrigation fluids ( sodium chloride)
Tonicity agent
Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids for oral and parenteral administration
Vehicle
Oral liquids
Aqueous (e.g., syrups) or hydrochloric ( e.g., elixirs)
Solutions for intravenous use
Aqueous
Intramuscular injections
Aqueous or oleaginous
Used to render preparations more resistant to flow
Viscosity increasing agent
Used in suspensions to deter sedimentation, in opthalmic solutions to enhance contact time ( e.g., methylcellulose ), to thicken topical creams, etc
Viscosity increasing agent
Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability ( citric acid, acetic acid, fumarole acid, hydrochloride acid, nitric acid)
Acidifying agent
