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Psychology > Chapter 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psyc?

A

How behaviour and mental processes change over time and what influences the change

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2
Q

Nature OR Nurture?

A

Nature = genetics

Nurture = environment

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3
Q

How is developmental psyc studied?

A

•Cross sectional research

•Longitudinal research

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4
Q

Cross-sectional research?

A

-Compares groups of different age to another at 1 point in time

Eg. 20 vs 60 yrs olds

Issue: does not account for cohort effects

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5
Q

Cohort effects?

A

Environmental influences that affect a single group

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6
Q

Longitudinal research?

A

Studies same group over multiple time points

Eg, measuring 8 yrs olds, then measuring them again at age 10, then age 12

Issue: high drop out rate (attrition)

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7
Q

Attrition?

A

High dropout rate for longitudinal study

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8
Q

Cohort-sequential research?

A

Combines both cross sectional and longitudinal study

-studies how age groups compare over long periods of time

-more reliable info about age related changes

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9
Q

Maturation?

A

development in a certain time

-has a nature driven perspective

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10
Q

Nature driven perspective?

A

Preprogrammed to nature in a specific fashion (puberty)

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11
Q

Nurture perspective?

A

Traits and characteristics influence by interaction of environment and genes

-environment can cause changes in ways genes are shown and passed

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12
Q

Epidemic changes?

A

Environment can change how genes present and are passed down

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13
Q

Quantitative change?

A

-Slow gradual change in behaviour or trait

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14
Q

Qualitative change?

A

Fast drastic changes resulting in difference than before

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15
Q

Critical development?

A

-Development is sensitive to environmental input

-making it easier for you to acquire new functions and behaviour

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16
Q

Sensitive development period?

A

-individuals are receptive to environmental input but not as rigid

-windows of opportunity to learn things

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17
Q

Prenatal?

A

Period from conception to birth (9months to birth)

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18
Q

Genes?

A

Building blocks of our biological inheritance

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19
Q

Chromosomes?

A

DNA strands 46 of them

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20
Q

Geneotype? And types

A

Genetic inheritance

2 types:
-homozygous

-heterozygous

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21
Q

Phenotype?

A

Observable traits
Eg, freckles showing up

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22
Q

Alleles?

A

Gene variations

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23
Q

Homozygous?

A

Both parents have the same genetic trait
Eg: both parents have freckles so will the kid

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24
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Parents have different traits
Eg, one has freckles one doesn’t

25
Dominant trait?
Trait that shows up no matter what the genotype is
26
Recessive trait?
Only shown if a person carries two recessive same alleles Eg, must have to non freckle alls to not have freckles
27
Codominance?
Heterozygous combo of alleles, both traits show up Eg, mom has A blood dad has B blood kid will has AB blood
28
Discrete traits vs polygenic?
Discrete: trait product of single gene pairing Polygenic: trait result of multiple gene contributions
29
Zygote?
Single cell produced from sperm fertilizing an egg
30
Prenatal development stage?
Germinal -> Embryonic -> Fetal
31
Placenta?
Nutrient rich structure that feeds the fetus
32
Miscarriage?
Discharge of fetus from the uterus before it can function on its own -before 20th week
33
Teratogen?
Any substance or exposure to disease that causes damage during prenatal
34
3 types of FASD (FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME)?
-fetal alcohol syndrome (FASD) -partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FASD) -alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND) -caused when oxygen is stolen from the fetus during growth
35
Types of physical development?
2 types: 1.) Proximodistal 2.) Cephalocaudal
36
Proximodistal development? Vs Cephalocaudal development?
Prox: growth side out (torso grows faster) Ceph: growth top to down (head grows faster)
37
Brain development ideas?
-Brain not fully developed until around 25yr old -during infancy big increase in connections between neurons and synaptic connections
38
Synapses?
-Where information is transmitted between two neurons -more are made during development than needed
39
Synaptic pruning?
Cutting away unused connections between neurons
40
Myelination?
Fatty deposits around neurons that increase speed between neuron communication
41
Sense development is?
-taste and smell and touch are highly developed at birth -hearing is not mature -vision is the least developed sense
42
Reflexes are?
Reactions to certain cues that don’t need conscious thought to be preformed
43
Motor reflex development milestones are?
Ages where children develop specific motor skils
44
Cognitive development?
How thinking and reasoning develop through exploration/interaction in the world
45
Schemes?
-mental structures used for understanding and thinking -like the brains filing cabinet
46
Assimilation schemes?
Including NEW information to and EXISTING scheme -new but congruent info
47
Accommodation scheme?
CHANGE or ACCOMMODATE new information to make a NEW scheme
48
Equilibrium schemes?
Balance of both assimilation and accommodation schemes
49
Piagets theory?
-is a stage theory -significant differences in child vs adult thought -stages are qualitatively different from each other
50
Piaget stage one theory?
-SENSORIMOTOR -Birth to age 2 -learns through senses and motor actions -developed object permanence around 8 months (objects exist still if can’t seen) -can hold concepts in mind (mental representation)
51
Piaget stage 2?
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE -2 to 7 years -develop ideas of external world -ability to pretend •Limitations: -only real world ideas -difficult taking others perspectives -thinks in simple terms still (one sided) -egocentrism: inability to take another perspective
52
Egocentrism? And what stage?
Inability to take another perspective Stage 2(preoperational)
53
Conservation? And what stage?
Certain things about an object stay the same despite appearance changes (eg, water in two glasses, one gets poured into big glass now they think that one has more) -stage 2(preoperational)
54
Piaget stage 3?
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL - 7 to 12 -ability to think logically -perspective taking -can hold an idea in mind and mentally manipulate it -Logic is simple -limited to ideas about real world relationships
55
Operations? And stage?
Ability to hold an idea in mind and mentally manipulate it -stage 3 (concrete operational)
56
Piaget stage 4?
FORMAL OPERATIONAL -11 and 12+ -final stage -ability to use hypothetical deductive reasoning and abstract thought
57
Hypothetical deductive reasoning and stage?
Generating hypotheses and making observations about hypothesis to form conclusion Stage 4 (formal operational stage)
58
Abstract thought and stage?
Ideas that exist outside of concrete realities and ideas not related to experience Stage 4 (formal operational)
59
Stages of Piaget in order and date
#1) sensorimotor birth-2 #2) perceptions stage 2-7 #3) concrete operational 7-12 #4 formal operational 11-12+

Psychology (4 decks)

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