Chapter 1

Question 1

3 early philosophers?

Answer 1

-Hippocrates
-Plato
-Aristotle

Question 2

Hippocrates theory/thoughts?

Answer 2

-Mind & body connected
-Mental health and physical health linked
-Balance of humours affected mental health
-> blood (sanguine)
-> phlegm (phlegmatic)
-> yellow bile (choleric)
-> black bile (melancholic)

Question 3

Descartes?

Answer 3

-Mind-body dualism
(Mind can exist without body but not reversed)

-Believed meaning of the natural world should be understood through science and math

-First “modern philosopher”

Question 4

Phrenology?

Answer 4

Specific mental abilities in specific brain areas

Question 5

Gall?

Answer 5

-mind and body relationship

-bumps on the brain tell your abilities

-measuring something physical to explain mental

Question 6

Muller?

Answer 6

-study relationship between physical stimuli and psychological effects

Question 7

Aristotle?

Answer 7

-studied empericism world of events

Question 8

Helmholtz?

Answer 8

-“Grandfather of psychology”

-Measured speed of neural impulses

-Impulses are not instantaneous

-thought and movement are linked but not the same

Question 9

Darwin

Answer 9

-Theory of evolution, natural selection and adaptation

-physical bodies can adapt can your mind too?

Question 10

Wundt

Answer 10

-VOLUNTARISM

-Helmholtz student

-study of consciousness

-established first lab

-paved the way for modern psychology

Question 11

Who studied voluntarism?

Answer 11

Wundt

Question 12

Titchener?

Answer 12

-STRUCTURALISM

-student of Wundt

-WHAT is consciousness

-consciousness is the same for everyone and we can map it

-method of introspection

Question 13

Who studied structuralism? And what is it

Answer 13

Titchener

-study of basic elements of consciousness mind

Question 14

Introspection?

Answer 14

observation of mental processes

Question 15

Problems with structuralism?

Answer 15

-Too subjective

-science requires replicable observations

-imageless thought

Question 16

James?

Answer 16

-FUNCTIONALISM

-asked WHY we have a consciousness

-consciousness can’t be mapped because it’s always moving

-believed mental abilities undergo natural selection

Question 17

Who studied functionalism? And what is it?

Answer 17

James

-seeks the PURPOSE of consciousness

Question 18

Functionalism was influenced by?

Answer 18

Darwin

Question 19

Wertheimer?

Answer 19

-GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

-studied visual (things like illusion)

Question 20

Who studied Gestalt psyc? And what is it?

Answer 20

-Wertheimer

-perceive our environment in a structured way

Question 21

Freud?

Answer 21

-PSYCHOANALYSIS

-Studies unconsciousness

-People’s behaviour is based on unconscious desire and conflicts

-Developed psychoanalysis (aimed to resolve unconscious conflict)

-mind is defensive

-studied hypnosis and researched defensive mechanisms

Question 22

Who studied Psychoanalysis? And what is it?

Answer 22

-Freud

-study of unconscious mind and the motives/conflict

Question 23

Thorndike?

Answer 23

-BEHAVIOURISM

-animal studies could help explain human behaviour

Question 24

Watson?

Answer 24

-BEHAVIOURISM

-“father” of behaviourism

-behaviour can be learned and is due to experience

-classical conditioning

-emphasized stimuli and responses

Question 25

Skinner?

Answer 25

-RADICAL BEHAVIOURISM -expanded Watson idea -behaviour learned through shaping -mental events not suitable for study -“face” of psychology

Question 26

Who studied Behaviourism? And what is it?

Answer 26

-Thorndike -Watson -Skinner -learned behaviour that is influenced on events (look outside the individual) -human mind is a black box (don’t need to see what’s inside only what enters and exits)

Question 27

Bandura challenged behaviourism because?

Answer 27

People can learn through observation(social modeling)

Question 28

What is Humanistic psychology?

Answer 28

-people have a capacity for personal, + growth -freedom to choose free will -world perceptions are unique

Question 29

Rogers

Answer 29

-Humanistic psyc -Developed client centred therapy -goal oriented -reaction to Freud’s theory

Question 30

Maslow?

Answer 30

HUMANISTIC PSYC -self actualization -positive personal experiences -motive driven approach to behaviour

Question 31

Who studied humanistic psyc?

Answer 31

Rogers & Maslow

Question 32

Neisser?

Answer 32

-“father” of cognitive psyc -studied information processing

Question 33

Who studied cognitive psyc and what is it?

Answer 33

-Neisser -study of mental processes in form of information -opened the black box

Question 34

Emerging fields in psyc?

Answer 34

•Cultural psyc -how cognitive process differ across cultures •Cross-cultural -study of cognitive processes that are universal •Psychobiology/neuroscience -psychological functions explained in terms of biological functions

Question 35

3 branches of psychology today?

Answer 35

•Clinical/counselling psyc -work with patients -can’t prescribe meds -normally therapists -pHD or psyD •Academic psyc -work as teachers -also researchers •Applied -work in schools -firms -research institutes -applies psychological skills to real life situations

Question 36

Values of psychologists?

Answer 36

1.) Theory driven -use theories to explain behaviour 2.) Empirical -based on research 3.) Multi-level -explained by brain, individual and group 4.) Contextual -perspectives continue to evolve which impacts work