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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 core tenets of science?

A

-Universe operates according to certain laws

-such laws are discoverable and testable

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2
Q

Deductive reasoning is?

A

-reasoning from basic principles to specific situations

-general ideas to specific situations

-problem is it can be biased

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3
Q

Bias and confirmation bias?

A

-Bias: beliefs you think are true

-Confirmation bias: only accepts the situation if you believe it

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning is?

A

-reasoning from small specific situation to general truths
-controlled observations

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5
Q

Psychologists use what type of reasoning?

A

-hypothetical-deductive reasoning

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6
Q

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

-educated guess, design controlled observations to support or invalidate their hypothesis

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7
Q

Hypothesis?

A

Testable statement between two variables

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8
Q

Stages of deductive reasoning, inductive and hypothetical-deductive

A

•Deductive:
-Theory, prediction, observation

•Inductive:
-Observation, prediction, theory

•Hypo:
-Hypothesis, observation, hypothesis outcome

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9
Q

Theory?

A

-ideas used to explain observations

-good theory must be testable

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10
Q

Variables?

A

Anything measured, changeable or controlled in a study

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11
Q

Population?

A

Entire group you want to study

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12
Q

Sample?

A

Portion of a population you want to study

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13
Q

Random selection?

A

Equal chance to be selected for the sample

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14
Q

Sampling bias?

A

Picking a group that is likely to support your hypothesis

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15
Q

Why we need research designs?

A

-Not naturally scientific thinkers

-helps eliminate bias

-avoid subjective impressions from observer

-use of scientific method and systematic observation

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16
Q

Descriptive research methods?

A

-observe and measure behaviour

-CAN examine relationships between variables

-CANNOT infer cause and effect

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17
Q

3 descriptive research methods?

A

-Naturalistic observation

-Case studies

-Self-reports (surveys)

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18
Q

Naturalistic observations?

A

-watching behaviour

-no manipulation

-subject to reactivity and Hawthorne effect

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19
Q

Reactivity?

A

Behaviour altered by another presence

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20
Q

Hawthorne effect?

A

People behave more positive due to knowing they are being watched

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21
Q

Case study?

A

-examines small number of people in depth

-uses a variety of collection techniques like interviews, questionnaires

-helps provide existence proof

-studies rare/unusual behaviours

-subject to experimenter bias

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22
Q

Existence proof?

A

Proof it exists (psychological phenomenon can occur)

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23
Q

Self report?

A

-measures characteristics like personality, opinions

-done by interviews, surveys

-easy to administer

-large data collection in small time

-access to internal characteristics like emotions

Disadvantages:
-participant bias
-direction of relationship between variables is unknown (cannot infer cause and effect relation)

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24
Q

Positive impression management?

A

Make ourselves look better than we are (social desirability)

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25
Malingering?
Make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with a goal in mind
26
Experimental designs?
-Examine how a variable caused another to change -allow us to infer cause and effect because we can control the conditions of the observation
27
Two factors to an experiment?
1.) manipulation of an independent variable 2.) random assignment of participants to condition
28
Manipulation of independent variable? (FIRST EXPERIMENTAL FACTOR)
-atleast 2 variables -independent and dependent
29
Independent variable?
-WHAT is being manipulated (what changes?) -variable that can be controlled or changed -determines how many groups in experiment
30
Dependent variable?
-Variable that is measured -WHAT is measured (what happens as a result)
31
Operationalize?
variable that allows you to test it -outline HOW it will be measured
32
Between subject design?
Manipulation of independent variable is between groups
33
Experimental group?
-Group receives some special treatment or exposure
34
Control group?
Group that does not receive the exposure (normally the comparative group)
35
Random assignment? (2ND FACTOR TO EXPERIMENT)
-necessary to an experiment -assign random volunteers to the two groups -assume both groups are similar (just not the independent variable)
36
Random selection vs assignment?
-Selection is taking a sample (generalizability) -Assignment is take a sample and randomly assign it (causality)
37
Double blind procedure?
-Participant and observer doesn’t know who’s in which group -helps avoid bias -ensure everyone is treated equally
38
Statistics?
Describe and measure relationship between variables -helps analyze data and draw conclusions
39
Descriptive research uses?
Use correlations to tell if there is a relationship between variables
40
Experimental research?
Statistics indicate if hypothesis is supported or if there is a offence between groups
41
Correlations?
-show how things are related -measures variables does not manipulate variables (cannot infer cause and effect between variables)
42
Correlation coefficient?
-relationship between 2 variables represented by a number telling the degree -value is 0-1 can be positive or negative -tells us the strength and direction of the relationship
43
Correlation strengths?
-Values close to 1 = strong relation -Values close to zero =null or just weak
44
Correlation: stick man with both hands up or down?
Positive correlation -variables go in the same direction (both up or both down)
45
Correlation: stick man with one hand up and down?
Negative correlation -variables go separate ways (one increases one decreases)
46
Measures of central tendency?
Describe scores in a data set (3 ways)
47
Mean?
The average of the scores (Added up and divided by the total # of scores)
48
Median?
Middle score in the data set (Smallest to largest)
49
Mode?
Reoccurring score in the data set
50
Variability?
How loose or tight data is bunched
51
Range?
Difference between highest and lowest score R= range
52
Standard deviation?
-Measure that explains how far each point is from the mean (average) High = big difference Low = small difference (THIS ONE IS PREFERRED)
53
Inferential statistics?
-Draw conclusions about data -uses laws of probability -compares data collected on the dependent variable - compares mean/standard deviation -Allows us to infer cause and effect
54
Statistical significance?
-probability for the findings are due to chance is very low
55
Probability?
-given from inferential data p= probability -less than 0.05 or 5% = probability not due to chance -higher than 0.05 or 5% = probability due to chance
56
Code of ethics?
CANADIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
57
Research ethic board?
“ethic police” -group that evaluates research to protect participant rights
58
Research with human guidelines?
-informed consent -protect from harm or discomfort -confidentiality -must be voluntary participation -complete debriefing
59
Informed consent and debriefing?
1.) consent gained after explaining everything to participant 2.) telling all info held to participant
60
Research with animals guidelines?
-CCAC (Canadian council on animal care) -only used if outcomes are beneficial to humans or animals -used if no alternatives -humane methods must be used -smallest # must be used -pain and stress limited
61
Research with animals guidelines

Psychology (4 decks)

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