chapter 4- Neural Conduction and Synaptic transmission Flashcards
is the difference in electrical
charge between the inside and
the outside of a cell.
membrane potential
•
Position the tip of one electrode inside the neuron
and the tip of another electrode outside the neuron
in the extracellular fluid.
• The intracellular electrodes are called
microelectrodes; their tips are less than onethousandth of a millimeter in diameter.
Recording the
Membrane
Potential
• Neurons have a selectively permeable membrane
• During resting conditions membrane is;
• Permeable to Potassium (K+) (channels are open)
• Impermeable to Sodium (Na+) (channels are closed)
Resting Membrane Potential
• The resting potential is thus -70 millivolts
• The resting potential exist because positively
and negatively charged ions are distributed
unequally on the two sides of the neural
membrane: the concentration of Na+ and Clare higher outside the neuron, and the
concentration of the K+ and various
negatively charged proteins are higher inside
the neuron
Ionic Basis of the Resting
Potential
The ions in neural tissue are in
constant random motion, and particles in
random motion tend to become evenly
distributed because they are more likely to
move from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration than vice versa.
RANDOM MOTION
Any accumulation of
charges, positive or negative, in one area tends
to be dispersed by the repulsion among the like
charges in the vicinity and the attraction of
opposite charges concentrated elsewhere
ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE.
Two (2) factors that act to distribute ions
equally throughout the intracellular and
extracellular fluids of the nervous system
RANDOM MOTION
ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE
Four kinds of
ions that
contribute
significantly
to the resting
potential:
sodium
ions (Na*),
potassium
ions (K*),
chloride
ions (Cl+),
Negatively
charged
protein
ions.
are
released from buttons into
synaptic clefts, where they
induce Excitatory postsynaptic
potential or Inhibitory
postsynaptic potential in other
neurons by binding to receptors
on their postsynaptic
membranes.
Neurotransmitter molecules
is the process of
neurotransmitter release. When
a neuron is at rest, synaptic
vesicles that contain smallmolecule neurotransmitters
tend to congregate near
sections of the presynaptic
membrane that are particularly
rich in voltage-activated
calcium channels
EXOCYTOSIS
is the more common of the two deactivating mechanisms. The
majority of neurotransmitters, once released, are almost immediately
drawn back into the presynaptic buttons by transporter mechanisms.
• Other neurotransmitters are degraded (broken apart) in the synapse by
the action of enzymes proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical
reactions without being affected by them.
Reuptake
have been shown to release
chemical transmitters, to contain
receptors for neurotransmitters, to
conduct signals, and to participate in
neurotransmitter reuptak
Astrocytes
are narrow spaces
between adjacent neurons that are
bridged by fine tubular channels, called
connexins, that contain cytoplasm
Gap junctions
• Chemical messengers
that allow signals to
cross synapses to
transmit information
from a nerve cell or
neutron to a target cell
• Coordinate behavior by
stimulating an action or
inhibiting an impulse
Neurotransmitters
excitatory neurotransmitter
important to memory, cognition, and mood
regulation
Glutamate
mainly serves to exhibit various
physiological functions, including nutritional
potential, regulation on reproduction and
hormone biology, and neuron protection
Aspartate
is a building block for making proteins
in the body.
Glycine
slows
down your brain by blocking specific signals in
your central nervous system and is known for
producing a calming effect.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -
• They are subdivided into two groups, catecholamines and
indolamines
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
- plays a role as a “reward center” and in many body
functions, including memory, movement, motivation, mood,
attention and more.
DOPAMINE
- also known as adrenaline, plays an important
role in your body’s “fight-or-flight” response.
EPINEPHRINE
- increases alertness, arousal and attention
and affects your sleep-wake cycle, mood and memory
NOREPINEPHRINE
regulates your mood. It’s often called your body’s
natural “feel good” chemical. When serotonin is at normal
levels, you feel more focused, emotionally stable, happier and
calmer.
SEROTONIN
• It is created by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule.
• is the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions, at many of the
synapses in the autonomic nervous system, and at synapses in several parts of the
central nervous system.
• is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention,
arousal and involuntary muscle movement. Medical conditions associated with low
acetylcholine levels include Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis.
Acetylcholine
• These neurotransmitters are produced in the
neural cytoplasm and immediately diffuse
through the cell membrane into the
extracellular fluid and then into nearby cells
Unconventional
Neurotransmitters
includes nitric acid and carbon
monoxide.
SOLUBLE GAS
- synthesized from fatty
compounds in the cell membrane; they tend to
be released from the dendrites and cell body,
an anandamide
ENDOCANNABINOIDS-
• are small proteinaceous substances produced and released by neurons
through the regulated secretory route and acting on neural substrat
Neuropeptides
contains neuropeptides that were first identified as
hormones released by the pituitary
Pituitary peptides
contains neuropeptides that were first identified as
hormones released by the hypothalamus;
Hypothalamic peptides
contains neuropeptides that were first discovered in the
gut.
Brain gut peptides
contains neuropeptides that are similar in structure to the
active ingredients of opium,
Opioid peptides
is a catch-all category that contains all of the
neuropeptide transmitters that do not fit into one of themother four
categories.
Miscellaneous peptides
