Chapter 4: Learning Flashcards
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
An involuntary response to a naturally occurring of unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Stimulus that no effect on the desired response
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original CS with the CR
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the ordinal CS because the similar is never paired with the UCR
Stimulus discrimination
Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a second stimulus
High order conditioning
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as fear
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Vicarious conditioning
Development of a nausea response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction
Conditioned taste aversion
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of unpleasant and pleasant consequences to responses
Operant conditioning
Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend to not be repeated
Law of effect
Any behavior that is voluntary
Operant
Any reinforced that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger or thirst
Primary reinforcer
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with the primary reinforcer such as praise
Secondary reinforcer
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus.
Positive reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal escape for or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. Ex) stopping at a red light to avoid getting a ticket
Negative reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. Ex) getting a paycheck
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always different. Ex) seeing a long distance friend
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus. Negative punishment. Ex) getting hit
Punishment by application
Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. Positive punishment. Ex) getting phone taken away
Punishment by removal
Any stimulus such as a stop sign that provides the organism a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Discriminative stimulus
Small steps in behavior one after the other that lead to a particular goal behavior
Successive approximation
Learning that remains hidden until the application becomes useful
Latent learning
Learning to make an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus
Classical conditioning
