Chapter 4: Learning

Question 1

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Answer 1

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 2

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring of unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 3

Stimulus that no effect on the desired response

Answer 3

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 4

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 5

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original CS with the CR

Answer 6

Stimulus generalization

Question 7

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the ordinal CS because the similar is never paired with the UCR

Answer 7

Stimulus discrimination

Question 8

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a second stimulus

Answer 8

High order conditioning

Question 9

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as fear

Answer 9

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 10

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Answer 10

Vicarious conditioning

Question 11

Development of a nausea response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

Answer 11

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 12

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of unpleasant and pleasant consequences to responses

Answer 12

Operant conditioning

Question 13

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend to not be repeated

Answer 13

Law of effect

Question 14

Any behavior that is voluntary

Answer 14

Operant

Question 15

Any reinforced that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger or thirst

Answer 15

Primary reinforcer

Question 16

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with the primary reinforcer such as praise

Answer 16

Secondary reinforcer

Question 17

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement

Question 18

The reinforcement of a response by the removal escape for or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. Ex) stopping at a red light to avoid getting a ticket

Answer 18

Negative reinforcement

Question 19

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. Ex) getting a paycheck

Answer 19

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 20

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always different. Ex) seeing a long distance friend

Answer 20

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 21

The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus. Negative punishment. Ex) getting hit

Answer 21

Punishment by application

Question 22

Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. Positive punishment. Ex) getting phone taken away

Answer 22

Punishment by removal

Question 23

Any stimulus such as a stop sign that provides the organism a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 23

Discriminative stimulus

Question 24

Small steps in behavior one after the other that lead to a particular goal behavior

Answer 24

Successive approximation

Question 25

Learning that remains hidden until the application becomes useful

Answer 25

Latent learning

Question 26

Learning to make an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus

Answer 26

Classical conditioning