Chapter 4 Key Terms

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

substance that is able to donate a H+ (proton) and increases the concentration of H+ when it dissolves in water

Question 2

activity series

Answer 2

list of metals in order of decreasing ease of oxidation

Question 3

aqueous solutions

Answer 3

solution in which water is the solvent

Question 4

base

Answer 4

substance that is an H+ acceptor; produces OH- ions when dissolved in water

Question 5

chemical equilibrium

Answer 5

state of dynamic balance in which the rate of formation of the products of a reaction from the reactants equals the rate of formation of the reactants from the products; the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant

Question 6

complete ionic equation

Answer 6

chemical equation in which dissolved strong electrolytes are written as separate ions

Question 7

concentration

Answer 7

quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution

Question 8

dilution

Answer 8

process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one by adding solvent

Question 9

displacement reaction

Answer 9

reaction in which an ion in solution is displaced (replaced) through oxidation of an element

Question 10

electrolyte

Answer 10

solute that produces ions in solution; an electrolytic solution conducts an electric current

Question 11

equivalence point

Answer 11

point in a titration at which the added solute reacts completely with the solute present in the solution

Question 12

exchange/metathesis reaction

Answer 12

reaction between compounds that when written as a molecular equation appears to involve the exchange of ions between the two reactants

Question 13

molarity

Answer 13

concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; abbreviated M

Question 14

molecular equation

Answer 14

chemical equation in which the formula for each substance is written without regard for whether it is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte

Question 15

net ionic equation

Answer 15

chemical equation for a solution reaction in which soluble strong electrolytes are written as ions and spectator ions are omitted

Question 16

neutralization reaction

Answer 16

reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts; the neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt

Question 17

nonelectrolyte

Answer 17

substance that does not ionize in water and consequently dissolves to form a nonconducting solution

Question 18

oxidation

Answer 18

A process in which a substance loses one or more electrons

Question 19

oxidation number/oxidation state

Answer 19

A positive or negative
whole number assigned to an element in a molecule or ion on
the basis of a set of formal rules; to some degree it reflects the
positive or negative character of that atom

Question 20

oxidation-reduction/redox reactions

Answer 20

A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another and the oxidation states of these atoms change

Question 21

precipitate

Answer 21

An insoluble substance that forms in, and separates from, a solution.

Question 22

precipitation reaction

Answer 22

A reaction that occurs between substances in solution in which one of the products is insoluble.

Question 23

reduction

Answer 23

A process in which a substance gains one or more electrons.

Question 24

salt

Answer 24

Any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base (for example, Na+ from NaOH) and whose anion comes from an acid (for example, Cl- from HCl).

Question 25

solubility

Answer 25

The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated solution.

Question 26

solute

Answer 26

A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the smaller amount.

Question 27

solvation

Answer 27

The clustering of solvent molecules around a solute particle.

Question 28

solvent

Answer 28

The dissolving medium of a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the greater amount.

Question 29

spectator ion

Answer 29

Ions that go through a reaction unchanged and that appear on both sides of the complete ionic equation.

Question 30

standard solution

Answer 30

A solution of known concentration.

Question 31

strong acid

Answer 31

An acid that ionizes completely in water.

Question 32

strong base

Answer 32

A base that ionizes completely in water.

Question 33

strong electrolyte

Answer 33

A substance (strong acids, strong bases, and most salts) that is completely ionized in solution.

Question 34

titration

Answer 34

The process of reacting a solution of unknown concentration with one of known concentration (a standard solution).

Question 35

weak acid

Answer 35

An acid that only partly ionizes in water.

Question 36

weak base

Answer 36

A base that only partly ionizes in water.

Question 37

weak electrolyte

Answer 37

A substance that only partly ionizes in solution.