Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards
absolute zero
lowest temperature attainable; temperature at which all thermal motion ceases
accuracy
how well a measurement agrees with the true value
atoms
building blocks of matter
Celsius scale
water freezes at 0 and boils at 100
changes of state
physical changes of matter from one state to a different one
chemical change/chemical reaction
processes in which a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance
chemical properties
properties that describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances
chemistry
study of composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter
chromatography
separation based on differing abilities of substance to adhere to the surfaces of solids
compound
substance composed to 2+ elements bonded in definite proportions
density
amount of mass in a unit volume
derived unit
unit obtained by multiplication or division of one or more of the SI base units
dimensional analysis
method of problem solving in which units are multiplied together or divided into each other along with the numerical values
distillation
separation process that depends on differing boiling points of substances
elements
substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
energy
the capacity to do work or transfer heat
extensive properties
property that depends on the amount of sample considered
filtration
physical separation process by states of matter
gas
matter than has no fixed volume or shape; uniformly fills its container
heat
energy used to cause temperature increase
intensive properties
property that does not depend on the amount of sample being examined
joule
SI unit of energy = kg*m^2/s^2
Kelvin scale
SI temperature scale
kinetic energy
energy associated with motion of an object
law of constant composition/law of definite proportion
the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same
liquid
matter that has a distinct volume independent of its container
mass
measure of the amount of material in an object
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
metric system
system of measurement used in science and most countries; meter and gram are examples
mixtures
combination of 2+ substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity
molecule
comprised of 2+ atoms arranged in a certain way
physical change
changes in physical appearance (such as phase change) that occur with no change in chemical composition
physical properties
properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance
potential energy
energy an object possesses by virtue of its position relative to other objects
precision
how closely different measurements agree with one another
property
characteristic giving matter a unique identity
pure substance
matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties
SI units
preferred metric units for use in science
significant figures
digits that indicate the precision with which a measurement is made; last digit is uncertain
solid
matter that has both definite shape and volume
solution
mixture of substance that has a uniform composition; homogenous mixture
states of matter
three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid, gas
temperature
measure of the hotness or coldness of an object; physical property that determines the direction of heat flow
work
energy transferred when a force exerted on an object causes displacement
