Chapter 4 - Into to Myology

Question 1

What is the purpose of tendons ?

Answer 1

It is to connect muscles to bone.

Question 2

What is aponeurosis ?

Answer 2

It is a broad flat sheet of dense/thick fibrous collagenous connective tissue that covers, invest, and forms the terminations and attachments of various muscles.
“palm of the hands and the feet”

An aponeurosis is a type of connective tissue that provides a point for a muscle to attach to a bone or cartilage. You may be thinking that a tendon also attaches muscle to bone, and you are correct. So, how is an aponeurosis different than a tendon?

An aponeurosis is a type of connective tissue found throughout the body.
1. Aponeuroses provide an attachment point for muscles to connect to bone,
2. envelope muscles and organs,
3. bind muscles together, and bind muscles to other tissues.
They are important for muscle movement and posture.
Aponeuroses are thin and sheet-like, while tendons are thick and rope-like.

Question 3

The connection between muscles and tendons called ?

Answer 3

Musculotendinous Junction (MTJ)

Question 4

What is tendoperiosteal junction ?

Answer 4

It is the connection between tendon and a bone.

Question 5

What is the central position of the muscle?

Answer 5

It is the belly

Question 6

What is the different between tendon and aponeurosis?

Answer 6

An aponeurosis looks quite different than a tendon. If you placed them next to each other, you would have no trouble telling them apart. An aponeurosis is made of layers of delicate, thin sheaths. Tendons, in contrast, are tough and rope-like. An aponeurosis is made primarily of bundles of collagen fibers (collagen is the primary component of your body’s connective tissues) distributed in regular parallel patterns, which makes an aponeurosis resilient.
Aponeuroses (also called aponeurotica) function differently than tendons. When a muscle moves by flexing or extending, an aponeurosis acts like a spring to bear the extra pressure and tension. A tendon, on the other hand, moves a bone when a muscle contracts. Tendons allow the body to move and be flexible while aponeuroses allow the body to be strong and stable.
Aponeuroses can act as fascia, a fibrous tissue that envelopes muscles or organs, to bind muscles together or to other tissues.
Let’s take a closer look at three examples of aponeuroses, starting at the top of your head.

Question 7

What is Myology ?

Answer 7

It is the study of muscles where muscles move the various part of the body either by making the part move or by allowing it to move.

Question 8

It is one of at least 2 extensions of a particular muscle belly that attaches via its own tendon , what is it called ?

Answer 8

Head

Question 9

The contraction of a muscle where there is no movement ?

Answer 9

Isometric

Question 10

Isotonic contraction is ?

Answer 10

• when the muscle contracts against a resistance that is not changing (e.g lifting a 5 kg weight) , and the muscle changes in length, it is an isotonic contraction
• tension develops to a point and then remains constant while
  the muscle changes its length.
• Once the muscle tension slightly exceeds the load, muscular contraction can then be used to shorten the muscle and move the load.
• It’s important to note that force does not change in the muscle while it’s shortening - hence the term isotonic contraction.

Question 11

Concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens?

True or False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens?

True or False ?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

When a muscle is generating force but is unable to overcome the force, the muscle will undergo a lengthening or ————?

Answer 13

eccentric contraction

Question 14

Two muscle attachment are moving away from each other, what is the name of the contraction ?

Answer 14

eccentric contraction

Question 15

This contraction is effectively used to control movement or to act as a brake to movement ?

Answer 15

eccentric contraction

Question 16

The tension is greater than the resistance, the muscle undergoes a ———- or ———–?

Answer 16

shortening or concentric contraction

Question 17

———-contraction that pulls the 2 attachments closer together?

Answer 17

Concentric contraction

Question 18

When a muscle develops tension, it pulls on the attachments of the muscle ?

Answer 18

concentric contraction

Question 19

When a muscle contracts a resistance that is not changing , leads to muscle shortening and changes in length ?

Answer 19

Isotonic Contraction

Question 20

When a muscle contracts against resistance with no visible change in the muscle length ?

Answer 20

Isometric contraction

Question 21

To move something, one muscle attachment is usually ——– in position and the other muscle attachment is the one that ———–?

Answer 21

Fixed, moves

Question 22

The attachment that is fixed called ?

Answer 22

origin or proximal

Question 23

the attachment that moves called ?

Answer 23

distal or insertion

Question 24

In reference to muscle attachment, what is the contraction assumption in all cases ?

Answer 24

concentric contraction

Question 25

What are the 4 muscle functions ?

Answer 25

1. Prime mover (aka agonist) 2. Antagonist 3. Stabilizer (aka fixators) 4. Synergists (neutralizer, neutralizing synergists)

Question 26

It is the primary that is causing movement ----------and give an example?

Answer 26

Prime mover (aka.agonist) e. g. - hamstrings for flexion of the knee - quadriceps is the prime mover for the knee extension

Question 27

The muscle that opposes specific action -------

Answer 27

Antagonist muscle eg. - Biceps Vs Triceps - Hamstrings (perform knee flexion) Vs quadriceps (perform knee extension )

Question 28

The muscles that -------the more proximal joints during actions of the more distal joints ? e.g ?

Answer 28

Stabilize (Stabilizers aka Fixators) | e.g the lower back stabilize the trunk so that the hip flexor can lift the leg

Question 29

The muscle that assists the prime mover in a given action-----

Answer 29

``` The Synergists (aka neutralizes, neutralizing synergists) e.g large calf muscles point the toes - small muscles ```

Question 30

--------connective tissue that runs throughout the body to provide structure and support ?

Answer 30

Fascia

Question 31

The fascia of the thigh called ----------

Answer 31

Fascia Lata - it is a connective tissue that invests throughout the thigh and surrounds the thigh muscles in a dense tubular sheath.

Question 32

Fascia Lata thickens laterally, this is very strong part of the fascia called --------

Answer 32

Iliotibial band

Question 33

------------------attaches superiorly to the tubercle of the lilac crest and inferiorly to Gerdy's tubercle and patella?

Answer 33

iliotibial band (tract)