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Anatomy- Term1- Sutherland chan > Chapter 2&5- Intro to Arthrology > Flashcards

Chapter 2&5- Intro to Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the classifications of joints ?

A
  1. fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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2
Q

What is Arthrology and what its types ?

A

Arthrology is the the study of Joint
1. A joint (articulation) is formed where 2 or more separate ones
connect
2. designed for movement
3. amount of movement depends on the type of joint
4. joints are typically
- uniaxial - one axis of movement
- biaxial - two axes of movement
- multiaxial - multiple axes of movement ( shoulder and hip)

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3
Q

List the feature of fibrous joint ? and how many types does it has ?

A
  1. the joint is connected by fibrous tissue
  2. the Degree of movement of a joint is determined by the
    amount of fibrous tissue between the two surfaces (or the
    articulation surfaces)
     A. Suture 
       - only occur in the skull 
       - limited movement   
 B. Syndesmosis
      - bones are connected by a sheet of fibrous tissue
      - e.g forearm bones - lots of space between the bones   
               therefore lots of movement
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4
Q

What is the characteristic of the Cartilaginous Joint ?

A
  1. the joint is connected by a cartilage or a combination of
    cartilage and fibrous tissue. e.g. cartilage connects the ribs
    to the breastbone. (has more mobility)
    e.g the vertebrae are connected by fibrocartilagenous
    intervertebral discs.
    e.g the pubic symphysis (jelly bone)
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5
Q

List the feature of the synovial fluid ?

A
  • most common joint type
  • it has 3 features
    1. joint cavity ( spaces between joint surfaces)
    2. articular cartilage - shinny white, connective tissue
      - protects the underlying bone
      - designed to absorb shock (joint forces) allow
      movement(smooth surface) and to last (very
      tough) (it can still be damaged / wear away
      over time )
      - no nerves, no blood vessels
      - usually hyaline cartilage
    3. joint Capsule - surrounds and lines the joint
      - does not cover the articular cartilage
      - makes the synovial fluid contained within the Joint
      - friction between the 2 joint surfaces is minimized
      by lubrication from the synovial fluid and the
      articular cartilage
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6
Q

Synovial fluid is made by the?

A

Synovial membrane

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7
Q

A —helps to cushion the movement of a muscle against bone?

A

Bursa

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8
Q

The meniscus is responsible for ?

A

The distribution of weight across a joint

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9
Q

The meniscus of the knee is made of?

A

Fibrous Cartilage

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10
Q

A sac made of synovial and fibrous membranes surrounding a joint is called ?

A

Joint Capsule

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11
Q

What are the six types of the synovial fluid ?

A
  1. Ball and Socket
    • multiaxial ( great and broader motion)
    • spheroidal surface articulates with socket of other surface
    • e.g shoulder(Humerous and Scapula) , hip(Femur and Pelvis)
  2. Hinges
    • uniaxial
    • flexion and extension only
    • e.g - Humeroulnar joint - Elbow (between Ulna and humerus)
      - finger/toes
      - Knee (between femur and tibia)- modified Joint
      is the knee joint.
  3. Pivot Joint
    -uniaxial
    • rotation with changing angle
    • a rounded process rotates within a sleeve or ring
    • e.g. Neck (between C1-C2)
      Elbow(between radius and humerus)
  4. Plane
    • sliding or gliding movement
    • most are uniaxial
    • joint surfaces are flat or almost flat
    • e.g - acromioclavicular joint
      - joint of ankles or wrists (small bones)
  5. Condyloid (ellipsoid)
    • biaxial
    • flexion/extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction)
    • e.g knuckles , wrist bone (lower arm and wrist)
  6. Saddle
    • biaxial
    • opposing surfaces are shaped like saddles
    • concave and convex articulate with each other
    • e.g thumb
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12
Q

Define Bursa and its properties ?

A
  • sac filled with synovial fluid that decrease the friction
    generated by the motion of one tissue over another.
  • normal bursa are flat
  • located between - ( - tendons and bony prominences,
    - tendons and other tendons
    - bone and overlying skin)
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13
Q

Define the ligaments and its properties?

A
  • ligaments connect bone to bone
  • ligaments will check a movement , that will
    prevent excessive movement in a specific direction)
  • movement at a joint is normal but
    (excessive movement at a joint is potentially dangerous and can
    cause injury)
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14
Q

There are 2 types of joint position ?

A
  1. close-packed position
    • ligaments and joint capsule are tight capsule
    • joint has maximal articular surface contact
    • increase stability and decrease mobility
  2. Open-packed position
    • ligaments and joint capsule are open
    • the joint has maximal space and available movement
    • increased mobility , decreased stability
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15
Q

Where is the meniscus located and what is it made of ?

A
  • it is made of Fibrocartilage and is attached to the articular
    surfaces of the tibia.
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16
Q

medial meniscus has ——— ————, the ends are called ———-

A
  • C-Shaped

- Horns

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17
Q

Lateral meniscus called ——- —–

A

O Shaped

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18
Q

Meniscus center is ——— than the outer edges

A

-thinner

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19
Q

The Meniscus functions as :

1) —————
2) —————

A

1) shock absorbers

2) depend the articulation

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20
Q

The medial meniscus is attached to the ———

A

MCL (Medial Collateral Ligamnet)

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21
Q

The 2 meniscus are connected ———-by the ———ligament of the knee.

A
  • anteriorly

- transverse

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22
Q

medial and lateral ———- ligaments, attach the ——–, ——menisci to their respective ——- condyles/plateaus

A
  • coronary
  • medial ,lateral
  • tibial
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23
Q

————or (———-) is formed where 2 separate bones connect.

A

Joint (or articulation)

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24
Q

The amount of movement depends on the type of ——–

A

Joint

25
Q

———are designed for movement

A

joints

26
Q

Joints are connected by ——- ——–

A

Fibrous tissue

27
Q

The degree of movement at a given joint is determined by the amount of ——- ——between the two ——- surfaces

A

fibrous tissue

joint

28
Q

What are the classifications of joints ?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
29
Q

Limited movement, only occur in the skull ——and called ——

A

Fibrous Joint

Sutures

30
Q

——–bones are connected by a sheet of fibrous tissue.

A

Syndesmosis, e.g forearm has lots of space between the bones therefore lots of movement,

31
Q

——–joint is connected by cartilage or combination of cartilage and fibrous tissue ?

A

Cartilaginous
e.g - cartilage connects between the ribs and the breast bone
- the vertebrae are connected by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral
discs
- The pubic Symphysis

32
Q

The vertebrae are connected by ———- intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilaginous

33
Q

The pubic symphysis is connected by ————-

A

fibrocartilaginous

34
Q

The most common join is ———-and it has 3 features:

A
  • Synovial
    1. Joint Cavity
    2. Articular Cartilage
    3. Joint Capsule
35
Q

The space between the 2 joint surfaces called ——–

A

Joint Cavity

36
Q

——— shiny, whitish connective tissue, no nerves, no blood vessels, protects underlying bone.

A

Articular cartilage

37
Q

——– designed to absorb shock (joint forces), allow for movement (smooth surface), and to last ( very tough) (it can still be damaged /wear away over time)

A

Articular cartilage

38
Q

————– surrounds and the line the joint , does not cover the Articular cartilage , and makes the synovial fluid within the joint.

A

Joint Capsule

39
Q

———–reduce friction between the 2 joint surfaces is minimized by lubrication from the synovial fluid and by the Articular cartilage.

A

Joint Capsule

40
Q

There are six type of synovial joint :

A
  1. Condyloid (ellipsoid)(biaxial, e.g knuckles )
    (flex/ext, abd/add. circumduction)
  2. Saddle (biaxial, Thumb/Clavicle)
    (concave and convex that articulate with each other)
    (opposing surfaces are shaped like saddle)
  3. Ball and Socket (multiaxial, e.g. Shoulder, Hip) (spheroidal surface
    articulates with socket of other surface)
  4. Plane (uniaxial, e.g acromiovicular joint)
    (gliding or sliding movements)
    (joint surfaces are flat or almost flat)
  5. Pivot (uniaxial,rotation e.g C1-C2)
    (rounded process rotates within a sleeve or a ring)
  6. Hinge (uniaxial, e.g humerounlar, modified knee joint)
    (upper and lower arm bones(ankles, fingers, toes, knees)
41
Q

————–sacs filled with synovial fluid that decrease the friction generated by the motion of one tissue over another.

A

Bursa ( pl.Bursae)

42
Q

Normal Bursa are ——-

A

flat

43
Q

Bursa located between :

A
  1. tendons and bony prominence
  2. tendons and other tendons
  3. bone and overlying skin
44
Q

———connects bone to bone (abbr.lig)

A

Ligaments

45
Q

Check a movement means——————-

A

prevent excessive movement in a specified direction

46
Q

one of the charters site of ligaments is check a movement means ?

A

prevent excessive movement in a specified direction.

47
Q

Movement at a joint is normal but excessive movement at joint is potentially ———/ can cause——-

A
  • dangerous

- injury

48
Q

The joint has 2 positions ;

A
  1. close-packed position

2. open-packed position

49
Q

Closed-packed has ——–mobility , ———-stability

A

decrease

increase

50
Q

————ligaments and joint capsule are tight, the joint has maximal Articular surface contact.

A

Close-packed position

51
Q

Open-packed position———-mobility, ———–stability

A
  • increase

- decrease

52
Q

————-ligaments and joint capsule are loose, it has a maximal space and available movement.

A

Open-Packed position

53
Q

The Q-Angle is formed when ;

A

Angle formed is formed when:

  1. a line from ASIS through the centre of the patella and
  2. a line from the tibia tuberosiy and the Centre of the patella
  3. approximately 15 degree (usually greater in females)e
54
Q

when the knee is in a flexed position, then the ——–can rotate ———–and ——–

A

tibia
medially
laterally

55
Q

In the Patella the medial condyle is longer than the lateral ? True or False

A

True

56
Q

The lateral femoral of the patella projects farther (anteriorly) then the medial femoral Condyle ? True /False

A

True

57
Q

The lateral femoral of the patella projects farther (anteriorly) than the medial femoral Condyle , this anterior prominence of the lateral femoral Condyle prevents ——————————-?

A

the patella from tracking too far laterally

58
Q

Ligaments tend to be stronger than bone ? True or False

A

True

Anatomy- Term1- Sutherland chan (7 decks)

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