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Behavioral Science > Chapter 4 - Interacting with the Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Interacting with the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

the tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence

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2
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

People perform best when they are moderately aroused (not too complacent, not too overwhelmed).

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3
Q

What is the social influence theory of hypnosis?

A

It suggest that hypnotized people do and report what’s expected of them.

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4
Q

What is working memory?

A

short-term memory

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5
Q

What is the spotlight model of visual attention?

A

The spotlight is an attention beam that can shine anywhere within an individual’s visual field.

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6
Q

How does alcohol work?

A

It stimulates GABA (reducing anxiety) and dopamine systems (feeling euphoric).

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7
Q

What are the 3 main types of stress?

A
  • catastrophes
  • significant life changes
  • daily hassles
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8
Q

Define dyssomnia

A

abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

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9
Q

Define heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

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10
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

the tendency to make judgments based on how readily available information is in our memories

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11
Q

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotion?

A

It tends to reduce overwhelming emotional experiences and controls executive functions such as decision making and behavior inhibition).

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12
Q

When and what defines the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

0-2 years of age

Babies experience the world through their senses and movement. They also learn object permanence and have stranger anxiety.

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13
Q

What are the four components of Baddeley’s model of working memory?

A

1) phonological loop (forget auditory information quickly, must repeat quickly)
2) visuospatial sketchpad (mental images)
3) episodic buffer (interact with long-term memory)
4) central executive (oversees entire process, shifts/divides attention

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14
Q

What is fixation in problem solving?

A

the inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective

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15
Q

What is the resource model of attention?

A

We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks, both modality-specific and general resources.

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16
Q

How does one progress through a sleep cycle?

A

Stage 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, REM

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17
Q

How does recall differ from recognition? Give an example.

A

Recall involves retrieving information from memory without any clues (ex: witness describing a face), whereas recognition involves retrieving information from memory with clues (ex: witness picking suspect out of lineup).

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18
Q

What hormone induces sleep and what produces it?

A

melatonin - pineal gland

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19
Q

When do delta waves appear?

A

Stage 3 sleep - deepest sleep

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20
Q

What is accomodation in terms of schemas?

A

Adjusting our mental frameworks to take into account new information/experiences.

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21
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Theory?

A

One we experience a physiological reaction, we make a conscious cognitive interpretation based on circumstances, that leads to our behavioral reaction.

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22
Q

Define language acquisition

A

the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language

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23
Q

When do K-complexes and sleep spindles appear?

A

Stage 2 sleep

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24
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

A

The cognitive/emotional experience is the result of the physiological and behavioral reactions.

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25
Q

How do opiates work?

A

They mimic the brain’s own pain relievers (endorphins).

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26
Q

When do theta waves dominate?

A

Stage 1 of sleep

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27
Q

Define selective attention

A

One input is attended to (attended channel) and the rest are tuned out (unattended channel).

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28
Q

What is the main function of Broca’s area?

A

It is involved in producing speech.

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29
Q

What is the main function of Wernkicke’s area?

A

It is involved in comprehension of speech and written language.

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30
Q

How do stimulants work?

A

They increase the release/reuptake of neurotransmitters, speeding up body function.

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31
Q

What is assimilation in terms of our schemas?

A

Conforming new information/experiences to fit our mental frameworks.

32
Q

Define parasomnia

A

abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep

33
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

Information of personal significance from previously unattended channels catches our attention.

34
Q

When and what defines the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A

7-11 years of age

Children learn to think logically about concrete events (and learn conservation). They also learn mathematical concepts.

35
Q

Define learned helplessness

A

When stress is accompanied by perceiving a lack of control, over time one may feel a sense of exhaustion and lack of believe in their ability to manage situations.

36
Q

What is physical dependence of a drug?

A

The body has become tolerant to it and withdrawals without it.

37
Q

What is the main structure involved in emotion in the limbic system?

A

the amygdala

38
Q

When and what defines the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A

2-7 years of age

Children learn that things are represented by symbols (such as words and images). They still lack logical reasoning and are egocentric.

39
Q

What is cortisol’s function in regards to stress?

A

It shifts our body from using glucose as energy to using fat. It spares glucose for the brain.

40
Q

What is a mental set in problem solving?

A

fixating on solutions that worked in the past, but may not be as effective today

41
Q

What are 3 symptoms of PTSD?

A
  • avoidance
  • hyperarousal
  • re-experiencing
42
Q

What is the hallmark of the Treisman Attenuation Model of Selective Attention?

A

The mind can attenuate or turn down unattended sensory input, rather than completely eliminating it.

43
Q
A
44
Q

Describe Chomsky’s “language acquisition device” or “universal grammer.”

A

Humans have an innate ability to make grammatical distinctions and do so naturally when exposed to language at a young age.

45
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

Cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks. We conceptualize the world differently based on our language.

46
Q

Define consciousness

A

the awareness that we have of ourselves, and our surroundings

47
Q

What is physchological dependence on a drug?

A

use of a drug in response to painful emotions

48
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?

A

The behavioral reaction is a result of the simultaneous physiological and cognitive reactions.

49
Q

Define divided attention

A

the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously

50
Q

What is a confirmation bias in problem solving?

A

the tendency to search only for information that confirms our preconceived thinking, rather than information that might not support it

51
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia/receptive aphasia?

A

The person does not have a problem producing speech, but is incapable of producing intelligible, meaningful language.

52
Q

What is the characteristic of Broca’s aphasia/expressive aphasia?

A

The person knows what they want to say, but is unable to communicate it effectively.

53
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic and an example?

A

the tendency to judge the likelihoods of an event occuring based on our typical mental representations of those events (ex: more likely to die from a shark attack than falling vending machine)

54
Q

When and what defines the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A

12 years - adulthood

People learn abstract reasoning and moral reasoning.

55
Q

What is the activation-synthesis theory?

A

Dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep.

56
Q

How does time spent in deep and REM sleep change as one progresses through multiple sleep cycles?

A

amount of time in deep sleep decreases, while the amount of time in REM increases

57
Q

What structure controls our alterness and arousal?

A

reticular formation

58
Q

When do waves that look similar to beta waves appear?

A

REM sleep

59
Q

What two systems are activated as a physiological response to stress?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
  • hypothalamus (CRH) ► pituitary (ACTH) ► adrenal (cortisol)
60
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in emotion?

A

It keeps the memory-emotion connection.

61
Q

What is the hallmark of the Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention?

A

Only attended information is allowed to pass through the selective filter.

62
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Things continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

63
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A
  • physiological
  • behavioral
  • cognitive
64
Q

What is functional fixedness in problem solving?

A

the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

65
Q

To multitask well, should the tasks be similar or dissimilar?

A

They should be dissimilar, utilizing different resources.

66
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens and what is its relation to addictive drugs?

A

It is the “pleasure center” of the brain. Many addictive drugs stimulate the release of dopamine here, which gives the person a feeling of pleasure and reward.

67
Q

What is the belief bias?

A

the tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic

68
Q

What is the binding problem of visual attention?

A

Many physical aspects are assembled together and related to a single object, rather than something else in the visual field.

69
Q

Define selective priming

A

People can be selectively primed to observe something (example: we are primed to hear names we have encountered, like friends).

70
Q

When do alpha waves dominate?

A

as a person relaxes before sleep

71
Q

Which portion of the brain is responsible for “muscle memory,” or the ability to perform motor tasks unconciously?

A

cerebellum

72
Q

How do barbiturates work?

A

They depress the sympathetic nervous system.

73
Q

Describe Skinner’s behaviorist model of language acquisition.

A

Infants are trained by operant conditioning. When they make a noise that sounds like the correct word, they receive positive reinforcement.

74
Q

What is the dissociation theory of hypnotism?

A

It suggest hypnotism is a form of divided consciousness, kind of like autopilot, allowing the hypnotist to take control.

75
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

If you miss REM sleep one night, you have more of it the next night.

Behavioral Science (8 decks)

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