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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 4: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of our body weight is exclusively skin?

A

7%

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2
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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3
Q

What is the deepest layer of the skin called?

A

Hypodermis

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4
Q

What are the types of cell in the epidermis?(4)

A

Keratinocytes, merkel cells, langerhans/dentritic cells, melanocytes

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5
Q

What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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6
Q

What type of cell is the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial

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7
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Sensory organ

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8
Q

What is the functions of keratinocytes?

A

Produce keratin

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9
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Detection of light touch and pressure

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10
Q

Where is the Merkel cells found?

A

At the dermo epidermal junction

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11
Q

What are the Langerhans/dentritic cells?

A

Phagocytic cells

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12
Q

What is the function of melanocytes? (2)

A

Production of pigment melanin
Protects against UV radiation

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13
Q

What are the five layers of epidermis? Name them from deep to superficial

A
  1. Stratum basale (mitotic layer) [stratum germinativum]
  2. Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  5. Stratum corneum (horny layer)
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14
Q

What is the function of stratum basale?

A

Contain stem cells that undergo mitosis to form keratinocytes which form the more superficial layers of epidermis

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15
Q

What cells do stratum basale contain?

A

Merkel cells and Melanocytes

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16
Q

Which layer contains some amount of mitotic cell activity?

A

Stratum spinosum

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17
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum called the spiky layer?

A

Cells are held together with spiny projections

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18
Q

What cells does stratum spinosum contain?

A

langerhans cells

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19
Q

What does Stratum granulosum consist of?

A

Keratinocytes with deep staining granules

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20
Q

What are the two types of granules in stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules

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21
Q

What is the function of keratohyalin granules?

A

help form keratin

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22
Q

What is the function of lamellated granules?

A

Contain a waterproofing glycolipid

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23
Q

What is the stratum lucidum layer composed of?

A

a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes

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24
Q

Where is stratum lucidum layer seen?

A

only in thick skin

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25
Q

Which layer is not seen on every surface of the body?

A

stratum lucidum

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26
Q

What is the stratum corneum composed of?

A

thick layer if dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes

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27
Q

What is the function of stratum corneum?

A

protects skin against dehydration, abrasion and penetration by microbes

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28
Q

What are the extensions of the dermis called?

A

Dermil papillae

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29
Q

What are the extension/depressions of the epidermis into the dermis called?

A

epidermal ridges

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30
Q

What does the dermis contain? (4)

A

Blood vessels, sweat, sebaceous glands and lamellar corpuscles

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30
Q

What is the dermis composed of? Name them from superficial to deep

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
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31
Q

What is the papillary layer composed of?

A

areolar CT

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32
Q

Which layer produces sweat that leaves fingerprints in hands and feet?

A

papillary layer

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33
Q

How much of the dermal layer is reticular layer?

A

80%

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34
Q

What is the reticular layer composed of?

A

dense irregular CT

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35
Q

What is another name for hypodermis?

A

superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer

36
Q

What tissues does hypodermis contain?

A

contains areolar and adipose connective tissues

37
Q

What is the function of hypodermis? 3

A

anchors skin to underlying structures, thermal insulator, acts as shock absorber

38
Q

What is alibinism?

A

A genetic disorder with inability if melanocytes to produce melanin, which affects coloring of skin hair and nails

39
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

The melanocytes in certain areas lose their ability to produce melanin, possible due to an autoimmune reaction. This leads to a loss of color in patches

40
Q

What are the accessory skin structures (appendages) 3

A

Hair, glands, nails

41
Q

Where is hair not found? 6

A

palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes

42
Q

What type of glands are included in the skin? 3

A

sebaceous (oil) glands
sweat glands
mammary glands

43
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Flexible type of dead, keratinizes epithelial structure

44
Q

What are the main parts of the hair?

A

root and shaft

45
Q

What is the root?

A

the part of hair that is imbedded in the skin and enclosed in a sheath (hair follicle)

46
Q

What is the shaft?

A

Part of the hair that projects above the skin surface

47
Q

What is the three concentric layers of keratinized cells?

A

medulla (central core), cortex (surrounds medulla), cuticle (outermost layer)

48
Q

What is a hair follicle made up of?

A

hair bulb and root plexus

49
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

deep, expanded end of the hair follicle

50
Q

What is the root plexus?

A

knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb

51
Q

What is the hair bulb composed of?

A

Hair follicle, wall of hair follicle and arrector pilli muscle

52
Q

What is the wall of hair follicle made of?

A

inner connective tissue root sheath and outer epithelial root sheath

53
Q

What is the arrector pilli muscle and what does it do?

A

It is a bundle of smooth muscle that connects hair follicle to dermal tissue and contracts to erect hair

54
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

everywhere in the body

55
Q

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

A

exocrine glands

56
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum, an oily substance

57
Q

How does sebaceous glands secrete sebum?

A

Holocrine secretion - entire cell breaks up to form secretion

58
Q

What type of exocrine glands is sebaceous glands?

A

simple branched alveolar gland

59
Q

What is the function of sebum? 2

A

Softens and lubricated hair and skin
prevents bacterial infection

60
Q

What is another name for sweat gland?

A

sudoriferous glands

61
Q

What is sweat made up of?

A

99% water with some salts and traces of metabolic wastes

62
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine glans and apocrine glans

63
Q

Which gland produces true sweat?

A

Eccrine gland

64
Q

How does sweat from eccrine gland reach skin surface?

A

through a duct that open externally through sweat pore

65
Q

What is the most numerous sweat gland?

A

eccrine gland

66
Q

Where is apocrine sweat gland found? 3

A

axillary, anal and genital areas

67
Q

What is the larger sweat gland?

A

aprocrine gland

68
Q

What does apocrine gland produce?

A

special kind of sweat

69
Q

How does the sweat from apocrine gland move to the surface?

A

their ducts empty into hair follicle

70
Q

What are nails made of?

A

hard dead keratin

71
Q

Where do nails grow from?

A

nail matrix

72
Q

What are the parts of nails?

A

free edge, body and root

73
Q

How are burns classified?

A

By area and depth (degree) of burn

74
Q

How is first degree burn classified?

A

only epidermis is damaged (ex. sunburn)

75
Q

How is second degree burn classified?

A

upper part of dermis is also damaged. Blisters appear bur skin heals with little scarring

76
Q

How is third degree burn classified?

A

consumption of all thickness of skin (dermis and epidermis), are turns white, red or blackened. Heals with scarring but needs skin grafting

77
Q

How is fourthdegree burn classified?

A

Full thickness burns but extend to deeper tissues

78
Q

What is the rule of 9?

A

Ant. and pos. head and neck = 9%
Ant. and pos. upper limbs 18%
Ant. and posterior trunk 36%
Anterior and post. low limb 36%
Perinum = 1%

79
Q

Define neoplasms

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should

80
Q

What is an example of a benign neoplasm?

A

Warts (HPV virus)

81
Q

What is the least malignant neoplasm?

A

basal carcinoma

82
Q

What is the most malignant neoplasm?

A

malignant melanoma

83
Q

What is the another type of malignant neoplasm?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

84
Q

What is most common malignant neoplasm?

A

basal cell carcinoma

85
Q

Where and how does squamous cell carcinoma arise?

A

UV exposure, arises in stratum spinosum

86
Q

Which cell is malignant melanoma arised from?

A

melanocytes

87
Q

How does malignant melanoma arise?

A

accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell

Human Structure and Function I (7 decks)

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