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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 3 Part II: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Part II: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues

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2
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

The covering of a body surface or the lining of a body cavity.

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2
Q

What is the function of the epithelium? (7)

A

-Protection from dehydration
-Protection from chemical and mechanical damage
-Absorption
-secretion
-ion transport
-Filtration
-Forms slippery surfaces

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3
Q

What are the special characteristics of epithelial cells? (6)

A

• Cellularity
• Specialized contacts/junctions
• Polarity
• Support by connective tissue
• Avascular but innervated
• Regeneration

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4
Q

What does ‘epi’ mean?

A

surface

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5
Q

What does innervated mean?

A

contains nerve endings

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6
Q

What does cellularity mean?

A

composed almost entirely of sheets of cells, separated by minimal amount of extra-cellular material

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7
Q

What does polarity mean in epithelial cells?

A

they have an upper (apical) and lower (basal) surface

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8
Q

What are the main types of Epithelia?

A

Surface and Glandular Epithelia

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9
Q

What is the surface epithelia?

A

consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer covering the body surface (skin) or lining body cavities

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10
Q

What are the glandular epithelia?

A

secretory epithelial cells that form Exocrine and Endocrine glands

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11
Q

How are epithelia given their name?

A

First name indicated number of cells, last name describes the shape of the cells

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12
Q

What are the three types of number classifications given for epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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13
Q

What are the three types of tissue shapes?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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14
Q

What is the basic description of simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer flat-cells with disc-shaped nuclei

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15
Q

What are the special types of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Endothelium
Mesothelium

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16
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Thin and flattened lining of hollow organs

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17
Q

What is the function of mesothelium?

A

Lines serous or ventral body cavities and covers visceral organs of those cavities

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18
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium? (2)

A
  1. Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
  2. Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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19
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found? (6)

A
  • Alveoli of lungs
  • Lining of heart
  • blood
  • lymphatic vessels
  • Lining of ventral body cavity
  • covering organs (serosae)
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20
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium cells?

A

single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

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21
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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22
Q

Where is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium cells? (3)

A
  • Kidney tubules,
  • Secretory portions of small glands, salivary glands and pancreas
  • Ovary surface
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23
Q

What is the description of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
• Some bear cilia at their apical surface
• May contain goblet cells

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24
Q

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium? (2)

A

• Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
• Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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25
Q

What is the location of Simple Columnar Epithelium? (6)

A

• Non-ciliated form
Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
• Ciliated form
Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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26
Q

What is the rule of naming stratified epithelium?

A

Are named according to the shape of cells at apical (top) layer

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27
Q

What are Stratified Epithelia?

A

Tissues that contain two or more layers of cells - squamous in shape

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28
Q

What are specific types of stratified epithelia?

A

Keratinized
Non-keratinized

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29
Q

What is the function of non-keratinized stratified epithelia?

A

forms moist lining of body openings and tubes where is wear and tear

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30
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

– Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

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31
Q

Where is the keratinized stratified epithelia found?

A

forms epidermis

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32
Q

Where is the non-keratinized stratified epithelia found? (4)

A

forms lining of esophagus, mouth, anal canal, and vagina

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33
Q

What is the description of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

generally two layers of cube-shaped cells

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34
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

protection

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35
Q

Where is the location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

• Forms largest ducts of sweat glands
• Forms ducts of mammary glands and salivary glands

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36
Q

Describe Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated

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37
Q

What is the function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

protection and secretion

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38
Q

What is the location of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

-Rare tissue type
-Found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

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39
Q

How do you describe Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

• All cells originate at basement membrane, only tall cells reach the
apical surface
• May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
• Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, gives false impression of
stratification

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40
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia

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41
Q

What is the locations of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium? (4)

A

• Non-ciliated type: Ducts of male reproductive tubes and large glands
• Ciliated variety: Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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42
Q

How can you describe transitional epithelium?

A

• Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar
• Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous

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43
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium cells?

A

stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder

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44
Q

Where is the location of transitional epithelium cells?

A

• Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra

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45
Q

What do glandular epithelium specialize in?

A

synthesis and secretion

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46
Q

What are the two main types of glandular epithelium?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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47
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glandular epithelium?

A

exocrine transport their secretion by ducts, while endocrine release their secretion directly in the blood stream

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48
Q

Where do exocrine glands carry their products?

A

to epithelial surface

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49
Q

What are examples of exocrine glands? (4)

A

• Mucus-secreting glands
• Sweat and oil glands
• Salivary glands
• Liver and pancreas

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50
Q

Look at the glands, make sure you know all of them

A
51
Q

What type of gland has no important example in humans?

A

Simple alveolar

52
Q

What is the name of the molecules that endocrine glands produce?

A

hormones

53
Q

What are connective tissue made of?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

54
Q

What are the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Ground substance and fibrillar components

55
Q

What is ground substance mainly composed of?

A

water + Adhesive proteins + charged polysaccharides

56
Q

What are fibrillar components made of?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
57
Q

What is collagen used for?

A

tensile support

58
Q

What is elastic used for?

A

stretchable fiber

59
Q

What are reticular?

A

very fine collagen fibers (forms internal skeleton of soft organs like the spleen)

60
Q

What is the most diverse and abundant tissue?

A

connective tissue

61
Q

What are the main classes of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone tissue
  4. Blood
62
Q

What is the common embryonic origin of connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme (mesoderm)

63
Q

What are the main function of Connective Tissue Proper? (5)

A

• Support and binding of other tissues
• Holding body fluids
• Defending body against infection
• Storing nutrients as fat
• Fibroblasts produce the protein fibers

64
Q

What are the two main subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper?

A

• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue

65
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue and the cells it contains

A

• Gel-like matrix with all three protein fiber types
• Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

66
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue? (4)

A

• Wraps and cushions organs support
• Holds and conveys tissue fluid
• Important role in inflammation
• Surrounds small nerves and capillaries

67
Q

Look at Areolar CT diagram

A
68
Q

What is the function of Adipose tissue? (2)

A

Insulation and protection of the body
Available fuel

69
Q

What do fat cells look like?

A

Signet rings

70
Q

What are Reticular CT?

A

Network of interwoven reticular fibers

71
Q

What are examples of Reticular CT? (3)

A

lymphoid organs, stroma of kidney & liver, bone marrow

72
Q

What do Fibrous Dense connective tissue form?

A

ligaments and Tendons(binds bones together)

73
Q

What is the function of Fibrous Dense connective tissue?

A

It is the outer protective covering of organs (e.g. skin, brain, kidneys)

74
Q

Describe regular dense C.T?

A

Collagen fibers
Rows of fibroblasts (cells that make synthesize collagen)

75
Q

Where are regular dense C.T found?

A

In Tendons and Ligaments

76
Q

Where is irregular dense C.T found?

A

Dermis of the skin

77
Q

Describe Cartilage

A

Specialized form of supportive C.T. in which the extracellular matrix is firm and contains collagen

78
Q

Where is cartilage found? 4

A

ends of long bones, larynx, trachea and bronchi

79
Q

What is another name for cartilage cells?

A

chondrocytes

80
Q

Compare cartilage to bone

A

Less hard and more flexible than bone

81
Q

How is cartilage classified?

A

identified by the types of fibers in the extracellular matrix

82
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

83
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

many collagen fibers in rubbery matrix;
Glassy appearance

84
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found? 3

A

found in articular (joint), costal (The area in which the lung lies against the ribs) surfaces, trachea

85
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

found in ear lobule, epiglottis.

86
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

in intervertebral discs

87
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

tough and slightly flexible

88
Q

What are the two types of supportive CT?

A

Bone and cartilage

89
Q

How is bone specialized?

A

It’s supportive CT where the extracellular matrix is calcified

90
Q

What is the organic substance found in bone matrix?

A

type I collagen

91
Q

What is the inorganic substance found in bone matrix?

A

calcium phosphate, bicarbonate, etc.

92
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact (cortical) and Spongy (cancellous) bone

93
Q

How much of the body’s bone is compact (cortical) bone

A

80%

94
Q

What are compact (cortical) bone made of?

A

Made of large number tube-shaped units called osteons (Haversian systems)

95
Q

https://www.purposegames.com/game/structure-of-compact-bone-quiz

A
96
Q

What are spongy (cancellous) bones made up of?

A

Made of trabeculae (small beams of compact bone), space in between contains bone marrow

97
Q

What are type of tissues are responsible for movement?

A

Contractile tissue

98
Q

What is another name for muscle cells?

A

myofibers

99
Q

What do muscle cells contain?

A

contractile protein thin filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin)

100
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues? and their types?

A

Skeletal (striated)
B. Smooth (unstriated)
C. Cardiac (striated and branched)

101
Q

Describe movements of skeletal muscular tissue

A

voluntary, quick, forceful

102
Q

Describe the movement of smooth muscular tissue

A

involuntary, slow

103
Q

Describe the movement of cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary; rhythmic

104
Q

Describe skeletal muscle fibers

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells; the nuclei are peripheral

105
Q

How thin is actin?

A

6nm thin

106
Q

How thin is myosin?

A

15nm thick

107
Q

Describe smooth muscle fibers?

A

Elongated, nonstriated, fusiform cells with single central nucleus (folded and tapers)

108
Q

Where is smooth muscle fibers found? 4

A

Located in walls of respiratory, GIT, urinary, and blood vessels

109
Q

How is the activity of smooth muscle fibers modified?

A

autonomic nervous system

110
Q

Describe cardiac muscle fibers

A

Striated, branched cells with intercalated disks (junctional
complexes)

111
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cell contains, and what are their description?

A

Contain 1–2 central large pale nuclei

112
Q

Describe movement of cardiac muscles

A

rhythmic

113
Q

What modifies the movement of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

autonomic N.S.

114
Q

What are the two types of neural cells?

A

neurons and neuroglia

115
Q

What are nerve cells responsible for?

A

reception, transmission and processing of stimuli and responses

116
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

117
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

cytoplasmic processes receiving stimuli

118
Q

What is the axon?

A

the cytoplasmic process which conduct impulses from the cell body

119
Q

Name the five classifications of neuroglia

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Ependyma
5) Schwan cells

120
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Buffer certain chemicals in neuron

121
Q

What is the functions of Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin in central nervous system

122
Q

What is the function of Schwan cells

A

Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system

123
Q

What is the function of ependyma

A

Produces cerebral spinal fluid

124
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immune cell that acts like macrophages

125
Q

What is the overall function of neuroglia?

A

Insulate, support and protect neurons

126
Q

If a stratified cuboidal tissue has more than one layer, what is it called?

A

Transitional cuboidal tissue

Human Structure and Function I (7 decks)

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