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Immunology > Chapter 4 ( Innate Immune Response ) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 ( Innate Immune Response ) Flashcards

1
Q

Rolling is the result of interaction of ?

A

E-selectin molecules on the endothelium with mucin-like adhesion molecules on phagocyte membrane

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2
Q

The results of activation of phagocyte by chemoattractants ?

A

They trigger G protein mediated activating signal , this signal induces a conformational change in integrin molecules in the phagocyte membrane that increases their affinity for immunoglobulin-superfamily adhesion molecules on the endothelium

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3
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency mechanism ?

A

Absence of CD 18 ( the common Beta2 chain of a number of integrin molecules )

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4
Q

Chemoattractive molecules ?

A

IL-8
C5a
Leukotriene B4
Formyl methionyl peptides

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5
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines ? Their effect ?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha

Have systemic effect on tissues leading to :
Fever
Production of acute phase proteins as CRP , mannose binding protein and complement components
Leukocytosis

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6
Q

Opsonins ?

A

IgG

C3b

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7
Q

Oxygen independent degradative materials ?

A

1- Lysozyme : digests bacterial cell wall by cleaving peptidoglycans
2- Defensins : forms channels in bacterial cell membrane
3- Lactoferrin : chelates iron
4- hydrolytic enzymes

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8
Q

Catalase positive organisms ?

A

Staphylococcus
Klebsiella
Serratia
Aspergillus

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9
Q

Investigations for CGD ?

A

Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test

The Dihydrorhodamine test

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10
Q

Specialized intra-epithelial lymphocytes which are part of the innate immunity ?

A

Gamma delta T cells

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11
Q

pH of the skin ?

A

Slightly acidic

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12
Q

Mechanism of INF alpha and beta as an antiviral interferons ?

A

By transiently inhibiting nascent protein synthesis in cells

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13
Q

Examples for PAMPs ?

A

Bacterial LPS

N-formyl peptides

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14
Q

Activation of the inflammasome results in secretion of ?

A

IL-1 beta

IL-18

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15
Q

Mutation in signaling molecules effecting TLRs result in ?

A

Recurrent severe bacterial infection

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16
Q

Gain of function mutations in inflammasome result in ?

A

Gout
Atherosclerosis
Type ll DM

17
Q

NOD-2 mutations results in ?

A

IBD

18
Q

IL-12 receptor deficiency and INF-gamma receptor deficiency results in ?

A

Recurrent infections with intracellular bacteria ( Mycobacterium )

19
Q

Pathways for macrophage activation ?

A

1- Classic M1 : induced by innate immunity ( TLRs , INF-gamma )
Phagocytosis and initiates inflammatory response

2- Alternative pathway M2 : induced by IL-4 , IL-13
Tissue repair and control of inflammation

20
Q

Ways for activation of mast cells ?

A

1- innate TLRs

2- antibody-dependent IgE

21
Q

Functions of the complement system ?

A

1- mediate inflammation by recruitment of inflammatory cells and anaphylatoxins ( function of C3a , C4a , C5a )
2- enhance phagocytosis by opsonization and clearance of immune complexes ( function of C3b )
3- cause lysis of particles by membrane pore formation ( function of MAC )

22
Q

How the MBP of the complement system is activated ?

A

By binding to carbohydrates on the pathogen

23
Q

How interferon inhibits viral protein synthesis ?

A

1- activation of an RNA endonuclease , which digests viral RNA
2- phosphorylation of protein kinase , which inactivates eIF2 , inhibiting viral protein synthesis

24
Q

TNF-alpha actions ?

A

It acts on :
1- hypothalamus —> fever
2- liver —> stimulates the production of acute phase proteins
3- Endothelial cells —> increases expression of ICAMs
4- Neutrophils —> activation
5- tumor cells —> apoptosis
6- fat and muscle —> cachexia

25
Q

IL-8 actions ?

A

Act on leukocytes causing induction of :
Adherence to endothelium
Chemotaxis
Extravasation

26
Q

IL-15 action ?

A

Proliferation of NK cells

27
Q

IL-18 action ?

A

Stimulation of INF-gamma synthesis

28
Q

IL-10 actions ?

A

It acts on macrophages and dendritic cells causing :
1- inhibition of IL-12 production
2- decreased expression of costimulatory molecules
3- decreased class ll MHC expression

29
Q

INF-alpha and INF-beta actions ?

A

Acts in all cells causing transient inhibition of protein synthesis and increased class l MHC expression

Acts on NK cells causing activation

30
Q

INF-beta is secreted by ?

A

Fibroblasts

31
Q

INF-alpha is used in the ttt of which cancers ?

A

Hairy B cell leukemia
CML
Kaposi sarcoma

32
Q

INF-beta is used in the ttt of ?

A

MS

33
Q

INF-gamma is used in the ttt of ?

A

CGD

34
Q

Side effects of INF therapy ? How to counter them ?

A

Fever
Chills
Fatigue

Acetaminophen

Immunology (10 decks)

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