Chapter 4 Infancy

Question 0

Why is swimming not recommended for babies three years and under?

Answer 0

Swallowing large amounts of water will lower the concentration of salt in the babies blood causing brain swelling and seizures.

Question 1

List some newborn reflexes. 
Eye blinking
Rooting
Sucking
Swimming
Moro
Paulmar grasp
Tonic neck
Stepping
Babinski

Answer 1

Blinking eyes protect the infant from strong stimulation

Rooting is when you stroke the cheek near the corner of the mouth and when baby turns head towards source of stimulation. its function may be to help baby find nipple. Disappears after three weeks.

Sucking permits feeding replaced by a voluntary after four months.

Swimming 4 to 6 months

Moro aka embracing is when the baby is startled and jerks it is believed that the baby is trying to hold on to mom. A sudden sound will cause this reflex.

Palmer grasp disappears after 3 to 4 months to prepare as infants for voluntary grasping.

Tonic neck prepares baby for voluntary reaching after about four months. The babies head will be turned to one side while laying down in the baby will be in a fencing position with one arm extended.

Stepping is when you hold baby in the air in the baby moves automatically like they’re walking.

Babinski when you struck the bottom of the babies foot and toes Vanowen and put curls and this disappears after about 12 months reason is unknown.

Question 2

Which reflex of the baby disappears after 8 to 12 months?

Answer 2

Babinski

Question 3

Describe the five states of infant arousal and their daily duration.

Answer 3

Regular sleep or non-REM sleep is slow with even blood pressure baby sleep for about 8 to 9 hours in the state.

Irregular or rem is when they have body movements with uneven heart rate and blood pressure with 8 to 9 hours of sleep

Drowsiness falling asleep or waking up let’s active eyes open and close. daily duration varies

Quiet alertness babies body is inactive eyes open and attentive even breathing about 2 to 3 hours

Waking up to beauty and crying your regular breathing cry 1 to 4 hours

Question 4

Which state of arousal makes babies move quickly toward fussing and crying?

Answer 4

Quite alertness

Question 5

How long do newborn babies sleep for

Answer 5

16 to 18 hours a day

Question 6

Between birth to 2 years how much average sleep do they get

Answer 6

12 to 13 hours per day and periods of sleep and wakefulness become fewer but longer and this is when circadian rhythm or the 24 hour schedule appears

Question 7

Is it true the babies at the age of 3 to 5 months respond more to darkness/light in that those who are exposed a bright sunlight sleep better at night?

Answer 7

False by 2 to 3 months infants respond not 4 to 5

Question 8

How does cultural differences affect babies sleeping pattern?

Answer 8

In our western culture parents are pushing the babies to their limits not until the first year is to secretion of melatonin grader at night then during the day we are pushing infant to the limits of their neurological capacity.

Question 9

At which State of arousal that baby spend more time in receive more social stimulation and opportunities to explore?

Answer 9

Quiet alertness

Question 10

Babies spend more than 50% of their time in REM stage why is that?

Answer 10

Researchers believe rem sleep is Vital for growth of the central nervous system. The rapid movement of the eyes can also enhance circulation of the eye.

Question 11

What are the three main reasons that infants cry?

Answer 11

One physical need such as hunger diaper change temperature change.

To wakefulness the baby make me tired or uncomfortable and may cry at a stimuli

Third respond to other crying it may be empathy

Question 12

When does crying increase and peak?

Answer 12

Crying increases during early weeks and peaks at about six weeks.

Question 13

Baby is crying and it is a shrill sound. What is this a sign of?

Answer 13

The intensity of the baby crying can mean he is in pain.

Question 14

What are The eight ways to soothe a crying baby?

Answer 14

Talking softly
Playing rhythmic sounds
Offer pacifier
Massage body
Waddle baby
Lifting baby on shoulder and rocking are walking
Riding in the carriage her car
Combined the methods
If none of this works let baby cry for a short time

Question 15

Proximal care ensures baby crying less true or false

Answer 15

True amount of crying in early months is reduced by about 1 third

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a crying from a brain-damaged baby?

Answer 16

Shrill piercing shorter induration

Question 17

Why would colic lead to a high stress parent to be abusive?

Answer 17

Colic which starts at about two weeks will keep a baby crying for over three hours a night

Question 18

What is classical conditioning. What is a example?

Answer 18

Classical conditioning is when you pair a neutral stimulus with the stimulus that leads to a response.

An example would be unconditioned stimulus or breast milk and unconditioned response or sucking cared with neutral stimulus or forehead.

If learning has occurred the neutral stimulus or four head stroking will produce a response of something or reflect a response.

Question 19

Any stimulus that increases our response is considered what?

Answer 19

Reinforcer

Question 20

A stimulus that decreases the behavior from occurring again is considered what?

Answer 20

Punishment

Question 21

What is the difference between positive reinforcer and negative reinforcer?

Answer 21

A positive reinforcements adds a desirable reward.
Negative reinforcement take something undesirable away

For example A positive reinforcement would be giving a candy to a child who does something good.

Negative reinforcement would be taking a chore a way to reward a child.

Question 22

What is habituation and recovery? How is this relevant to babies? Familiarity and novelty?

Answer 22

Habituation refers to the gradual reduction and strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

Once the heart rate and respiration all decline indicating a loss of interest in the new stimulus or change in environment causes the habituated response to return to a high-level an increase called recovery.

The more time that passes The more the baby will refer to familiarity preference over the novelty preference

Question 23

Define mirror neurons. Where is it located?

Answer 23

Mirror neurons fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.

Mirror neurons are located in the cerebral cortex.

Question 24

Why do newborns and infants imitate?

Answer 24

They imitate because it helps infants learn and their social world and getting to know others.

Question 25

What does gross motor development help babies do?

Answer 25

Crawl stand and walk. Help baby get around in environment.

Question 26

What does fine motor development do for babies?

Answer 26

Small movements like reaching and grasping me

Question 27

Of all motor skills which plays the greatest role in infant cognitive development?

Answer 27

Reaching

Question 28

What are the four steps in reaching and grasping?

Answer 28

Pre-reaching or poorly coordinated swipes dropped out at about seven weeks.

Reaching between seven weeks to three months due to improved I movements baby can fixate their eyes and they develop shoulder eye head control to move more purposely.

On our grasp what about 4 to 5 months help to transfer objects from hand-to-hand

Pincer grasp is when they take a index and thumb to purposely grasp something at about nine months

Question 29

Why is reaching so important

Answer 29

Reaching equals communication explore surroundings and achievements

Question 30

How do babies initiate social movement?

Answer 30

By hugging and touching.

Question 31

What are some of infant senses?

Answer 31

Touch, taste, smell- reflexive.

Responds to touch and pain, distinguish shapes of object in Palm.
Mouthing of objects 1-6 months.

Babies distinguish basic tastes. Prefer salty to plain 1-6 months. Taste preference changes through experience.

They may also be guided by smells, such as preferring an unwashed nipple over washed.

Question 32

Infants as young as how old turn their eyes and head to general direction of sound?

Answer 32

Three days old and they are able to precisely identify the location of the sound over the first six months into preschool years.

Question 33

What does tuning in refer to? What does sensitive period have to do with it?

Answer 33

Infants tune in to share experiences with members of their family and community.

The sensitive period Or the second half of the first year when babies are biologically prepared to zero in on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions. Between 6 to 12 months learning is especially rapid across speech, faces, and music and theyre easily modified by experience

Question 34

Explain babies vision and depth perception.

Answer 34

Visual structures in both the eye and brain are not fully formed until about 7 to 12 months.

Motion is the first depth cue which babies are most sensitive to.

Binocular depth cues at around 2-3 months. Brain blends 2 images bw the eyes n this helps adjust hand movements to match distance of objects from eyes.

Pictorial is last to develop around 3-4 months. They can identify overlapping lines bw possible n impossible.

Question 35

Infants with more crawling experience do what with the visual cliff?

Answer 35

Infants with more crawling experience for more likely to refuse to cross to deep side of the visual cliff.

If babies are in an unfamiliar position for example if they are usual sitters but are in a crawling position they will fall over the edge

Question 36

Why would crawling promote three-dimensional understanding?

Answer 36

Crawlers are better at remembering object location and hidden objects. Moving on their own = better landmark recognition.
Neural connections involved in vision and understanding of space.

Question 37

Cognitive and emotional issues of a baby with no self soothing or regulation leads to?

Answer 37

Behavioral, social, cognitive issues in the future.

Question 38

What is contrast sensitivity?

Answer 38

Early pattern preferences. Because of their poor vision very young babies prefer to look at large bolder contrast patterns.

Question 39

When do babies become very good at taking in all aspects of patterns and integrating parts into a unified whole?

Answer 39

At around four months they’re so good at detecting pattern organization they can perceive subject of boundaries like the square in the center of Pac-Man you know in the book?

Question 40

Why would motor development be delayed for blind children?

Answer 40

They have to rely on sound and sound doesn’t function as a precise clue to object location until much later so until reaching on sound is achieved they’re not motivated to move independently.

Question 41

What is the difference between intermodal perception and amodo sensory property?

Answer 41

For intermodal perception we sons all senses and perceive them as a whole. We know for example that an object shape is the same whether we see it or touch it.

The Moto sensory property is information not specific to a single modality but overlaps two or more sensory system such as texture in shape for vision and touch

Question 42

Define sensitive period.

Answer 42

If babies do not experience appropriate stimulation of senses in the first year or two of life, can they fully recover? Studies done on kittens show that if you deprive a kitten from light for one month the damage is severe and permanent.
Orphanages also show or cognitive and emotional functioning below average in size, suggesting that early lack of stimulation permanently damage the brain.

Question 43

What do findings indicate that early, prolonged institutionalization leads to?

Answer 43

It shows that there is a generalized reduction in activity in the cerebral cortex is specially the prefrontal cortex which governs complex cognition and impulse control.